BC2002 lecture 9A

3.6-5.8 mM

In mammals body regulates carbohydrate metabolism to maintain blood (glucose) in normal constant range between

(glucose) too high e.g. diabetes

hyperglycemia means

(glucose) too low

hypoglycemia means

glycogen phosphorylase

The enzyme/s that are regulates in glycogen catabolism is/are

step 1- hexokinase step 3- PFK-1 step 10- pyruvate kinase

the enzyme/s that are regulated in glycolysis is/are

irreversible

the regulatory enzymes in glycogen catabolism and glycolysis all act on reactions that are

glycogen phosphorylase

the enzyme that regulates glycogen catabolism to glucose

phosphorylation, 14, phosphorylase a (active), GP, AMP, low

Shape-shifting-allosteric regulation to turn on GP occurs by _______ on serine__ creates more active form called ___ . also turned on activated when ___ binds to ____ in muscle cells- a ____ energy indicator

glucagon and adrenaline

The activation/phosphorylated of glycogen phosphorylation at ser 14 is regulated by the hormones

glucagon, adrenaline

when blood (glucose) low both ______ and _____ released

glucagon, adrenaline

_____acts on liver cells. ______ acts on skeletal muscle cells

signalling cascade, protein kinase A (PKA)

both glucagon and adrenaline bind to specific receptors to activate a ________ that activate _____

glycogen breakdown, glucose-1 phosphate

Glycogen catabolism results in phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase causing —> _______—> ________production

hormone-receptor signal transduction application cascade

glycogen phosphorylase is turned on by adrenaline and glycogen through

hormone-receptor signal transduction amplification cascade

causes phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen catabolism in muscle (myocyte) and liver (hepatocyte) cells

no longer high in muscle

glycogen phosphorylase activity in liver increases blood (glucose) to normal range 3.6-5.8mM- glucagon and adrenaline no longer released (AMP)______.

active enzyme subunit, phosphoryl groups, glucose sensor

In liver when (glucose) becomes high and rises above 6.1mM, 1 glucose binds onto each _______, causes _______ to flick out and be cleaved off by phosphatase enzyme , which reshapes and inactivates GP enzymes- _________

glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase (GS)

glycogen catabolism and glycogen synthesis are coordinately/reciprocally regulated via reciprocal regulation of their major regulatory enzymes ________ and _________

on, break-down, make

When GP is ____ GS is off and vice versa, so cells can never _____ and ____ glycogen at the same time

active non-phosphorylated

released when blood (glucose) is high is a major activate of GS converts it to an ______ form