SPDI WEEK 1

Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation

Canopy interception

Infiltration

Percolation

The evaporation of water from plants occurring at the leaves

Transpiration

The sum of all processes by which water moves from the land surface to the atmosphere

Evapotranspiration

The transition from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase

Sublimation

The phase change from gas directly to solid, with no intermediate liquid phase

Desublimation or deposition

Familiarize

Memorize

A container for holding liquids such as water. They are generally used for rainwater catchment and storing rainwater.

Cistern

Computation of volume of Rainwater Harvesting according to the Green Building Code.

Building Footprint/75

Stormwater outlet

Stormwater outfall

A land area that channels rainfall to creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean.

Watershed / Drainage Basin

A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply

Reservoir

An area of land that is either covered by water or saturated with water.

Benefits:

• flood control

• water quality improvement

• Wildlife habitat

• Carbon storage

• Groundwater Recharge

Wetland

Types of wetlands

• Marsh

• Swamp

• Bog

• Fen

A type of wetland characterized by standing water and emergent vegetation; plant life dominated by grasses

Marsh

A type of wetland characterized by the presence of woody plants, such as trees and shrubs

Swamp

Receive water primarily from precipitation; acidic wetlands filled with slowly decaying vegetation (peat)

Bog

Also peatlands where slow decomposition causes dead vegetation to build up in a thick floating mat

Fen

Underground Water

Water table

a body of rock and/or sediment that holds groundwater

Aquifer

-Not pressurized

-also called “water table well”

Unconfined Aquifer

A well that taps into a confined aquifer. Under artesian pressure, water in the well rises above the top of the aquifer, but does not necessarily reach the land surface.

Artesian Well

A type of artesian well that has been drilled into an aquifer where the pressure within the aquifer forces the groundwater to rise above the land surface naturally without using a pump.

Flowing artesian well

Code that governs wells

PD 1067 Water code of the Philippines

Once the pumping of the wells starts, the water table is lowered in the vicinity of the well, and the resulting water table surface is known as the ____.

Cone of depression

The decrease in the water level at and in the vicinity of the well

Drawdown

The maximum rate in gpm that a well can be pumped without lowering the water level.

Well yield

Dug wells

Are shallow in depth and draw water from sections of the earth above the bedrock

Bored wells

Driven wells

is a piece of pipe that has openings large enough to allow water to enter but also small enough to keep the water-bearing formation in place.

Well point

Drilled well

3 types of wells

1. Dug well or Bored well

2. Driven well

3. Drilled well

3 Levels of water supply as per National Standards of Drinking Water

1. Level 1 (Point source)

2. Level 2 (Communal faucet system or standposts)

3. Level 3 (Waterworks system or Individual house connections)

Level 1 point source

1. Level 2 (Communal faucet system or standposts)

Level 3 (Waterworks system or Individual house connections)

Occurs when a portion of the water that falls as rain and snow pass through subsurface soil and rock.

a. Sublimation

b. Transpiration

c. Infiltration

d. Percolation

c. Infiltration

The drop in level of water in a well when water is being pumped.

a. Cone of depression

b. Drawdown

c. Well yield

d. Static Level

b. Drawdown

Familiarize

a measure of the total calcium, magnesium, iron, and other metallic elements that contribute to the “hard” feel of the water

Hard water

• Temporary Hardness (carbonate hardness) - the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium

• Permanent hardness (non-carbonate hardness) - the presence of noncarbonic salts (sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates)

Effects of hard water

1. Skin and hair

2. Scale buildup appliances and plumbing

3. Soap and detergents

4. Clothing and fabrics

5. Dishes and glass

is a process that involves the exchange of the hardness minerals in water, chiefly calcium and magnesium, for sodium minerals.

Ion exchange

• Most common cause is the presence of carbon dioxide

• can be caused by the removal of minerals during evaporation

• Highly corrosive that it can damage the plumbing system

Acidity

Caused by suspended insoluble matter, including coarse particles that settle rapidly in standing water.

Turbidity

Familiarize

the loss and eventual failure of metals and alloys from the electrochemical reaction between water and the pipe material

Corrosion

A type of corrosion that refers to the breakdown of the pipe material at a uniform rate over its entire surface by direct chemical attack

General Corrosion

A type of corrosion that takes place on small areas of the surface, usually at high rates, and takes various forms.

Localized Corrosion

6 Basic water types

1. Raw water (untreated)

2. Tower water

3. Potable water

4. Soft water

5. Deionized water (Demineralized)

6. Pure water

A type of water received from a well, surface water, etc.

Raw water

A type of water monitored and controlled for pH, algae, and total dissolved solids

Tower water

A type of water filtered, chlorinated, and/or otherwise treated

Potable water

A type of water that meets additional requirements to reduce hardness.

Soft water

A type of water specified in ranges of conductivity.

Deionized water

Water that is mostly free from particulate matter and dissolved gases that may exist in the potable water supply.

Pure water

A method of producing high-grade water: Conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form

Distillation

A method of producing high-grade water:

• Removal of dissolved mineral solids through an IX (ion exchange) process

• Medical uses

Demineralization

A method of producing high-grade water:

uses a semi-permeable membrane (synthetic lining) to filter out unwanted molecules and large particles such as contaminants and sediments like chlorine, salt, and dirt from drinking water.

Reverse osmosis

A method of producing high-grade water:

-the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles

Filtration

Physical characteristics of sewage

1. color

2. odor

3. temperature

4. Turbidity

Chemical characteristics of sewage

1. pH level

2. Nitrogen compounds

3. Phosphorus

4. Solids

5. Dissolved oxygen

6. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

7. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

The sewage contains many microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, etc., bacteria being the most predominant.

Biological characteristics of sewage

Sewage water treatments

Steps in sewage water treatments

Step 1. Bar screening

Step 2. Screening / Grit removal

Strep 3. Primary Clarifier

Step 4. Aeration

Step 5. Secondary clarifier

Step 6. Filtration

Step 7. Disinfection

Step 8. Oxygen uptake

Activated sludge process (ASP)

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

Sequencing Batch Bioreactors

Type of aeration process

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Type of aeration process

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)

Other materials for filtration

• Granular Activated carbon (aka charcoal filter)

• Sandstone

• Animal charcoal (aka bone charcoal)

• Diatomaceous earth

• Sponge iron

Types of disinfection

1. Chlorination

Type of disinfection that is most frequently used method is chlorine that enters the water in liquid form.

Chlorination

A dry solid compound having the highest possible chlorine content (around 90%)

Trichlor

Available as its dihydrate form or the anhydrous form

Dichlor

A type of disinfection exposed to ultraviolet radiation which kills undesirable microorganisms, leaving them unable to reproduce.

Ultraviolet Disinfection

A type of disinfection where ozone is injected into water, and immediately starts oxidizing and eliminating contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and metals.

Ozone Treatment

Potable water treatments

1. Coagulation

2. Flocculation

3. Sedimentation

4. Filtration

5. Disinfection

6. Fluoridation

Type of potable water treatment where chemicals (alum) with a positive charge are added to the water; positive charge neutralizes negative charge

Coagulation

Potable water treatment where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water

Flocculation

Potable water treatment where suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and deposition

Sedimentation

The process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through while retaining the solid particles.

Filtration

Different types of filtration process

1. Slow sand filtration

2. Rapid sand filtration

A type of filtration process where water is passed through a porous bed of filter medium; utilize the effluent either from plain sedimentation or directly from sources

Slow sand filter

water above the filter sand that provides hydraulic head for the process

Supernatant

A hypogeal biological layer; consists of biologically active microorganisms that break down organic matter. German for “dirt cover”.

Schmutzdecke

A technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. A relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps, regular backwashing or cleaning, and flow control of the filter outlet.

Rapid Sand Filtration

The addition of one or more chemical disinfectants to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, or viruses.

50 mg/L - Chlorine solution for system allowed to stand for 24 hours

200 mg/L - 3 hours

Disinfection

The controlled adjustment of fluoride to a public water supply solely to reduce tooth decay

Fluoridation

It is due to presence of sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium in water.

a. Temporary Hardness

b. Permanent Hardness

c. Total Hardness

d. Maximum Hardness

b. Permanent Hardness

What is a treatment for water acidity?

a. Chlorination

b. Passing through water filter

c. Filtration

d. Manganese zeolite

b. Passing through water filter

Schmutzdecke - german for “dirt cover”