Chapter 18 & 19: Industrial Revolution to World War I

Taylorization

A method of industrial efficiency that divided labor into specialized tasks (scientific management).

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 U.S. law barring Chinese immigration and denying citizenship.

Separation of Spheres

Gendered belief that men belong in public/work life and women in domestic/private life.

'The Women Question'

Debate over women's roles in society, education, and suffrage.

Suffragettes

Women activists fighting for the right to vote.

Popular Culture

Mass cultural forms like magazines, cinema, and sports.

Primitivism

Artistic movement idealizing 'primitive' cultures, often used by modernists like Picasso.

Modernists

Artists and thinkers who broke from tradition to express modern life's complexity.

Pablo Picasso

Modernist artist known for Cubism and challenging traditional representation.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalyst who introduced theories about the unconscious mind and human behavior.

Eugenics

A pseudoscience advocating controlled breeding to improve human populations.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Social Darwinism

Misapplication of Darwin's ideas to justify inequality and imperialism.

Progressive Reformers

Advocates for political and social reforms to fix industrial-era issues.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 anti-foreigner uprising in China, targeting missionaries and imperialists.

Mexican Revolution 1910

Armed struggle for political and land reform in Mexico.

Russo-Japanese War

1904-05 conflict showing Japan's rise as an imperial power.

'Young Turks'

Reformist group in the Ottoman Empire advocating modernization and constitutionalism.

Revolution of 1905

Russian uprising leading to limited reforms after defeat in Russo-Japanese War.

Anglo-Boer War

South African war (1899-1902) between British and Boer settlers.

Maji-Maji Revolt

1905-07 African rebellion against German colonial rule in East Africa.

'Jim Crow' Laws

U.S. laws enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchisement after Reconstruction.

Pan Movements

Ideologies aiming to unite ethnic or cultural groups (e.g., Pan-Africanism, Pan-Slavism).

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary who helped overthrow the Qing dynasty; father of modern China.

Indian National Congress

Political group pushing for Indian self-rule during British colonialism.

Great War (WWI)

Global war (1914-1918) that upended political and social structures worldwide.

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, later joined by the U.S. and others.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary; his assassination triggered WWI.

Battle of the Somme

A brutal 1916 WWI battle with massive casualties; showed war's horrors.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in WWI.

February/October Revolutions

Russian revolutions in 1917 leading to the fall of the Tsar and rise of Bolsheviks.

Bolsheviks

Russian Marxists led by Lenin; they seized power in the October Revolution.

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after WWI, promoting self-determination and the League of Nations.

Versailles Treaty

1919 treaty ending WWI; blamed Germany and imposed harsh penalties.

League of Nations

International body meant to preserve peace; largely ineffective.

Mass Production

Manufacturing large quantities using assembly lines (e.g., Ford).

Mass Culture

Shared cultural experiences via radio, film, and advertising.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s African American cultural movement in art, music, and literature.

Josephine Baker

African American performer who found fame and activism in France.

Triumph of the Will

Nazi propaganda film directed by Leni Riefenstahl.

Great Depression

Global economic crisis beginning in 1929 due to market crashes and banking failures.

The New Deal

FDR's economic reform program to combat the Great Depression.

Henry Ford

Innovator of the modern assembly line and affordable automobiles.

Corporatism

Economic theory where the state organizes society into corporate groups (used by fascist regimes).

Five Year Plans

Soviet industrial and agricultural goals under Stalin.

Gulags

Soviet labor camps for political prisoners.

Spanish Civil War

1936-1939 conflict between Republicans and fascists; a preview of WWII.

Fascism

Authoritarian, nationalist ideology rejecting democracy and embracing militarism.

Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk"

Founder of modern Turkey; secularized and modernized the state.

Mandates

Territories administered by Western powers after WWI under League supervision.

Rape of Nanjing

1937 Japanese massacre and atrocities in the Chinese city of Nanjing.

Muslim Brotherhood

Islamic revivalist group founded in Egypt in 1928.

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian independence leader who championed nonviolent resistance.

Nonviolent Resistance

Peaceful protest strategy used by Gandhi and others.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian nationalist and eventual first Prime Minister of independent India.

May 4th Movement

Chinese student-led protest in 1919 demanding modernization and reform.

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese nationalist leader and opponent of communism.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany; rose to power in the 1930s through fascist ideology.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who advocated government intervention during depressions.