HSC 3537 Chapter 2 Body Organization

Cardiovascular System (CV)

Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.

• Heart

• Arteries

• Veins

abdomin/o

abdomen

adip/o

fat

anter/o; ventral

front

brachi/o

arm

cardi/o

heart

caud/o

tail

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck

chondr/o

cartilage

crani/o

skull

crin/o

to secrete

crur/o

leg

cyt/o

cell

dermat/o

skin

dist/o

away from

dors/o

back

enter/o

small intestine

epitheli/o

epithelium

gastr/o

stomach

glute/o

buttock

gynec/o

woman, female

hemat/o

blood

hist/o

tissue

immun/o

immune, protection

infer/o; caudal

below

inguin/o

groin

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

later/o

side

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

lymph/o

lymph

medi/o

middle

muscul/o

muscle

nephr/o

kidney

neur/o

nerve

ophthalm/o

eye

orth/o

straight, upright

ot/o

ear

pariet/o

cavity wall

ped/o

foot

pelv/o

pelvis

peritone/o

peritoneum

pleur/o

pleura

poster/o; dorsal

back

proct/o

anus and rectum

proxim/o

near

pub/o

genital region

pulmon/o

lung

rhin/o

nose

spin/o

spine

super/o; cephal/o

above

thorac/o

chest

ur/o

urine

urin/o

urine

vascul/o

blood vessel

ventr/o

belly

vertebr/o

vertebra

viscer/o

internal organs

levels of organization in the body

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

cells

the smallest structure of a body that has all the properties of being alive: responding to stimuli, engaging in metabolic activities, and reproducing itself.

tissues

cytology

study of cells

Nucleus

contains the cell's DNA

Cytoplasm

the watery internal environment of the cell

cell membrane

the outermost boundary of a cell. It encloses the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Types of tissues

- epithelial

- connective

- muscle

- nervous

muscular tissue

produces movement in the body through contraction, or shortening in length, and is composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers

- 3 types: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

epithelial tissue/epithelium

found throughout the body and is composed of close-packed cells that form the covering for and lining of body structures

- ex: top layer of skin & lining of stomach

- can also absorb nutrients

connective tissue

the supporting and protecting tissue in body structures

- bones, cartilage, tendons, adipose

bone

provides structural support for the whole body

Cartilage

shock absorber in joints

tendons

tightly connect skeletal muscles to bones

adipose

fat tissue; provides protective padding around body structures

nervous tissue

- composed of cells called neurons

- forms the brain, spinal cord, and a network of nerves throughout the entire body, allowing for the conduction of electrical impulses to send information between the brain and the rest of the body.

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Integumentary System

Forms protective two-way barrier and aids in temperature regulation.

• Skin

• Hair

• Nails

• Sweat glands

• Sebaceous glands

dermatology

study of the skin

Musculoskeletal System (MS)

Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscles produce movement.

• Bones

• Joints

• Muscles

cardiology

study of the heart

Blood (Hematic System)

Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding.

• Plasma

• Erythrocytes

• Leukocytes

• Platelets

hematology

study of blood

Lymphatic System

Protects the body from disease and invasion from pathogens.

• Lymph nodes

• Lymphatic vessels

• Spleen

• Thymus gland

• Tonsils

immunology

study of the immune system

Respiratory System

Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial tubes

• Lungs

otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

Branch of medicine that treats diseases of the ears, nose, and throat. Also referred to as ENT.

pulmonology

study of the lungs

thoracic surgery

Branch of medicine specializing in surgery on the respiratory system and thoracic cavity.

Digestive or Gastrointestinal System (GI)

Ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body.

• Oral cavity

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Colon

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Salivary glands

gastroenterology

study of the stomach and intestines

proctology

study of the rectum and anus

Urinary System

Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body.

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

nephrology

study of the kidney

urology

study of the urinary tract

Female Reproductive System

Produces eggs for reproduction and provides place for growing baby.

• Ovary

• Fallopian tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Vulva

• Breasts

gynecology (GYN)

study of women

obstretrics

medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium

Male Reproductive System

Produces sperm for reproduction.

• Testes

• Epididymis

• Vas deferens

• Penis

• Seminal vesicles

• Prostate gland

• Bulbourethral gland