History final exam: 5. Short Answer Second Industrial Revolution 6/10
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Late 19th century
When did the industrial revolution reach the United States?
Shift from hand-made to machine-made goods
What shift did the US make?
Steam engine, cotton gin, spinning jenny and railroads, telephone and light bulb
What were the most well-known inventions?
Growth of factories and cities, rise of wage and child labor and poor working conditions sparked labor unions
What were the major changes during the industrial revolution?
Electticity, steel, telephone, assembly line (Henry Ford)
What were the new technologies?
The US became a major industrial power during the late19th century
When did the U.S become a major industrial power
Railroads connected the country and boosted trade
What did railroads connect?
Coal, iron, oil and timber
What were the massive natural resources?
Little government interference
What were the laissez-faire policies?
Rise of big business and factories and large numbers of immigrants workers coming through urbanization
What are two reasons the US rose as an industrial power?
What happened to the US by the late 19th century?
By the late 19th century, the US had the world’s largest economy and became a global industrial leader in steel, oil, railroads and technology
They are innovators who helped grow the economy
What is a Captain of Industry?
They are greedy monopolists who exploit workers and use unfair business practices in order to crush competition
What is a Robber Baron?
Oil
What is John D. Rockefeller responsible for?
Standard Oil Company
What company did John D. Rockefeller create?
Rockefeller used monopolies and trusts to gain power, crush rivals, and dominate the oil market through Standard Oil
Why did Rockefeller use monopolies and trusts?
One company controls an entire industry
What is a monopoly?
A group of companies run as one to reduce competition
What is a trust?
Workers united to fight for better pay and conditions
What is a labor union?
He donated millions to education and medicine
How is Rockefeller a philanthropist?
Steel
What is Andrew Carnegie responsible for?
Rise of mass production, railroads, steel, oil, banking, and electricity
What was rising during the late 19th century?
He created Carnegie Steel Company and later sold it to JP Morgan who named the company U.S Steel
What company did Carnegie create and who did he sell it to?
Rich should give back to others
What did Carnegie believe the rich should do?
He gave away most of his fortune to libraries and schools
How was Carnegie considered a philanthropist?
He used vertical integration and controlled all parts of the production of steel
How did Carnegie use Vertical Integration?
Banking and Finance
What is JP Morgan responsible for?
Powerful banker who controlled railroads, steel and electricity
Who is JP Morgan?
Bailed out the US government with his own money during financial crises like the Panic of 1907
What is JP Morgan well-known for?
He revolutionized car production with the assembly line
What is Henry Ford most well-known for?
In 1907, the stock market crashed and banks began to fall, causing panic and there was no central bank at the time to manage the crisis
What is the Panic of 1907?
It showed the US needed a central banking system, leading to the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913
What impact did the Panic of 1907 have?
Controlling all steps or buying out all competitors
What is vertical and horizontal integration?
Child labor, long hours and low pay
What was common in most factories?
Yes
Was there little to no regulation or worker protection?
Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
When was American Federation Labor (AFL) found?
They focused on skill workers and did not accept all workers
What did AFL focus on?
Fought for better wages, hours, and working conditions
What did AFL fight for?
Founded in 1869 by
When was the Knights of Labor found?
They accept all workers (skilled, unskilled, women and Black workers)
Did Knights of Labor accept all workers?
They fought to end child labor, equal pay, and 8-hour workday
What did the Knights of Labor fight for?
They lost support after the Haymarket Riot (1886)?
How did the Knights of Labor lose support?
Knights of Labor and American Federation Labor (AFL)
What are the two major labor unions to know about?
The Haymarket Riot was a violent labor protest that took place on May 4, 1886, in Chicago
What is the Haymarket Riot?
The Haymarket Riot started as a peaceful protest but ended in violence and deaths, hurting the image of labor unions and showing the labor movement
How did the Haymarket Riot hurt the image for labor unions?
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
What is the most major antitrust law?
It aimed to break up monopolies
What is the Sherman Antitrust Act responsible for?
Muckrackers were investigative journalists and writers in the late 1800s and early 1900s who exposed corruption, injustice and abuse in business, governent, and society during the Progressive Era
What were muckrackers?
Grew US economy, created jobs and donated to charity
What are the pros of big businesses?
Exploited workers, crushed small businesses and controlled politics
What are the cons of big businesses?
The Captains of Industry and robber barons were industrial giants who shaped modern America
Which two groups shaped modern America?
The Captains of Industry
Who brought wealth and innovation?
Inequality and abuse of power, which lead to labor reforms and antitrust laws
What did Robber barons bring back to America?
The term came from President Theodore Roosevelt, who compared them to someone who “rakes up muck” (dirt)
Why were they called muckrakers?
Upton Sinclar with The Jungle (1906)
Who exposed unsafe food and meatpacking?
Ida Tarbell and she exposed the Standard Oil Company
Who exposed monopolies and corporate abuse?
Jacob Riis with How the Other Half Lives (photos of NYC tenements)
Who exposed the poverty and slums?
They raised public awareness of social and economic problems and helped pass reforms and laws
What impact did Mucrackers have?
Meat Inspection Act (1906), Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and Antitrust laws against monopolies
What are the most major reforms?
They supported Progressive Movement goals: better working conditions, government reform and end to child labor
What did muckrakers support?
Muckrakers were brave journalists who exposed the dirty truth behind powerful businesses and corrupt governments
What did muckrakers represent?
Their work sparked real change and made America more aware of injustice during the Progressive Era
What impact did muckrakers’s work have?
Second Industrial Revolution
What is major growth after the Civil War known as?
It sparked labor unions, strikes, and Progressive Era reforms
What did the Second Industrial Revolution spark?
Led to wealth and power for business owners, but also poor working conditions for laborers
What did the Second Industrial Revolution lead to for big business owners and laborers?
Built monopolies, used unfair tactics (crushing competition and bribing politicians) and paid low wages, had dangerous working conditions, and exploited labor
What did the robber barons do as powerful industrialists?
John D Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie
Who were the most famous robber barons?
They faced pressure from the Progressive Movement and journalists (like the muckrakers) exposing them
Who did robber barons face pressure from?
Theodore Roosevelt when he became president in 1901
Which president took action against the robber barons?
He sued and broke up large monopolies that hurt competition
What did he do to the robber barons?
His first big case was the Northern Securities Company (railroad trust, 1902)
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s first big case?
The Supreme Court ruled to dissolve it —- a major win for Roosevelt
What did the Supreme Court do with the Northern Securities Company case?
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was already law, but he enforced it
What act did he enforce that was already a law?
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and Meat Inspection Act (1906)
What laws did Theodore Roosevelt push for?
He expanded the government’s power to regulate big business
What is Theodore Roosevelt responsible for?
Theodore Roosevelt stepped in as a trust-busting president, breaking up harmful monopolies and protecting the public from corporate abuse
How is Theodore Roosevelt considered a trust busting president?
Robber barons used shady tactics to growth rich, but faced public backlash
What was the result of the robber barons using shady tactics?
To eliminate competition and control the oil industry
To set prices and increase profits
To run businesses more efficiently by combining them
To avoid legal issues by using a trust system to manage many companies
Why did Rockefeller use monopolies and trusts?
To control the entire steel process (vertical integration)
To eliminate competition
To cut costs and boost profits
He used them to dominate the steel industry and make his company the most powerful
Why did Carnegie use monopolies and trusts?
The Bessemer process
What process is Carnegie responsible for?
Thomas Edison
Who is responsible for the light bulb
Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals own businesses and make profits
What is capitalism?
Kids worked long hours in unsafe, unhealthy conditions for low pay, often without breaks or protection. Many got hurt or sick
How were kid laborers treated?
The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt’s plan for fair treatment of workers, consumers, and businesses
What is the square deal?
Big companies like Steel and Oil grew fast
What big companies grew fast with capitalism?
Capitalism lead to innovation, but also monopolies and low wages
What did capitalism lead to?
Rich got richer, workers struggled
What happened to the rich and workers with capitalism?
Capitalism fueled growth but caused inequality and worker issues
What did capitalism fuel?
Henry Ford used the assembly line to make affordable cars and improved worker pay
Who is Henry Ford?
The Model T was the first affordable, mass produced car made in 1908 and helped many Americans own cars for the first time
What invention did Henry Ford make?
Post Civil war
When was the Second Industrial Revolution?
Big businesses had major influence over politics due to weak government regulation
Why did big businesses have a major influence over politics?
Railroads fueled growth but also led to corruption
Even though railroads fueled growth, what was the outcome of this growth?
Rising problems led to reform movements and the Progressive Era
What did rising problems leaf to during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Business and railroads dominated politics, causing corruption but also sparking reforms
How did businesses and railroads dominate politics and what did this lead to?
Railroads were the backbone of industrial growth, moving goods, people, and raw materials across the country
What impact did railroads have during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Railroads helped industries like steel, coal, and oil grow rapidly
What industries did railroads help grow rapidly?
Trains powered US expansion, boosted industry, and connected the nation — but also fueled corruption and inequality
What impact did trains have during the Second Industrial Revolution?