Carotid Duplex Imaging

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Completed brain stroke

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

stroke-like symptoms resolve within 24 hrs

Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit (RIND)

stroke-like symptoms resolve but not within 24 hrs

Balance off/dizzy

What does the "B" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Eyes (sudden blurred vision, double vision, etc)

What does the "E" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Face drooping

What does the "F" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Arm weakness

What does the "A" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Speech difficulty

What does the "S" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Time to call 911

What does the "T" in "BEFAST" stand for?

Aphasia

_________ is the inability to speak or express oneself.

Dysphasia

________ is impairment of speech, lack of coordination and failure to arrange words in proper order.

Dysphagia

_______ is difficulty swallowing.

Dysarthria

_______ is imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscle control, slurring.

Ataxia

_______ is gross incoordination of muscle movement.

Paresthesia

________ is lateralized tingling and numbness.

Hemiparesis

_______ is lateralized weakness.

Hemiplegia

______ is lateralized paralysis.

thrombus

blood clot that stays in one place

occlusion

complete blockage of a blood vessel or a hollow organ

embolus

when a piece of a thrombus breaks off, travels via blood, and lodges somewhere else

cessation of perfusion

the stopping of blood from reaching the part of the brain it is intended for

syncope

transient state of being unconscious without losing consciousness

diplopia

double vision

vertigo

a feeling of motion or spinning when the patient is stationary

hemorrhagic

Approximately 15% of strokes are _________ in nature.

vasospasm

a spasm of the intracranial arteries that can lead to a stroke

ischemic stroke

when blood flow through the artery that supplies oxygen rich blood to the brain becomes blocked

hemorrhagic stroke

A weakened blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the surrounding brain. Pressure from the leaked blood damages brains cells, and, as a result, the affected or damaged area is unable to function properly.

brachiocephalic artery

The innominate artery is also called the ____________

fistula = manmade

malformation = congenital

What's the difference between a fistula and malformation?

subclavian steal

A ____________ describes retrograde blood flow in the vertebral artery because of a proximal ipsilateral subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion.

External carotid artery

Which normal cerebrovascular vessel demonstrates the highest flow resistance?

It lies more posterior to the ECA

Which of the following best describes the position of the ICA in the neck?

Severe distal ICA stenosis

A high resistance flow pattern in the distal portion of the ICA suggests which of the following conditions?

Homogenous plaque with smooth surface characteristics

In the following image, how would you describe the arterial wall?

trickle flow

This occurs in nearly occluded vessels and involves very low velocities.

string sign

This is seen just before an occlusion occurs and is considered an emergency

carotid dissection

Tear in the intimal lining of the carotid artery

B. Superior thyroid artery

What is the first branch of the ECA?

Ophthalmic artery

What is the first branch of the ICA?

Atheroemboli from the left ICA.

A patient presents with the classic cerebrovascular symptom of left amaurosis fugax. Of the choices below, what is the most likely cause?

Neointimal hyperplasia

Which of the following is the most common cause of re-stenosis following carotid endarterectomy?

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Which of the following is a non-atherosclerotic disease involving the mid segment of the ICA and found predominately in females?

Slice thickness of the beam

A longitudinal image of carotid plaque can sometimes be misleading as to the diameter reduction due to which of the following?

Sample was not obtained at maximum stenosis.

In this example, the ICA velocities may underestimate the category of stenosis. Why?