Principles of Public Speaking DSST

speaker

the person presenting the material/oration

speech key elements

speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation

message

the communication being conveyed

channel

how the message is being conveyed (speech, telephone, etc.)

listener

the person(s) receiving the message

feedback

the message delivered back the speaker, typically nonverbal

interference

any obstacle in understanding the message (internal or external)

situation

the time and place of a speech

ethics

branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong

ethical goals

ensuring that goals are in line with your beliefs and values

global plagiarism

when an entire speech or idea is one other person's or groups

patchwork plagiarism

when ideas and language are taken from multiple places

incremental plagiarism

failure to give credit for parts of a speech or idea

paraphrase

saying an idea in your own words (still give authorship credit)

quotations

using someone else's words and giving them credit for it

audience demographics

age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, political affiliation, gender

sterotyping

over-generalizing an audience based on their demographics

situational audience analysis

size of audience, physical setting, disposition of audience toward topic, speaker, occasion

audience size

When analyzing audiences, the larger the more formal

physical setting

When analyzing audiences, be aware of any physical limitations (hot, cold, crowded)

audience disposition

When analyzing audiences, determine interest, knowledge, attitude

audience knowledge

When analyzing audiences, determine how much they know about your topic

audience interest

When analyzing audiences, be aware of the interest the audience has in your topic before your speech

audience attitude

When analyzing audiences, know how the audience feels about the topic

perception of speaker

the more highly respected he/she is in their field, the more receptive the audience

occasion

understand the meaning of the gathering

analysis types

interviewing, questionnaires

interviewing

face to face, very effective, inefficient in time and cost

questionnaires

fixed alternative, scale questions, open ended questions

fixed alternative

questions that offer a choice between two or more answers

scale questions

questions that ask for an answer on a scale of answers (scale of 1-5)

open ended questions

questions that ask for any answer

audience centeredness

ask: who is the speech directed to? What is my specific purpose? How can I effectively convey my purpose?

identification

speaker tries to create a bond with the audience by focusing on values, goals, beliefs, experiences

speech topics

things the speaker knows a lot about (based on experience, know a lot more than audience) or wants to know more about (wants to learn as well as the audience or cares deeply about it)

speech general purposes

inform, persuade, entertain

inform speech types

objects, processes, events, concepts

informative object

about a person or thing

informative process

about a series of actions and the result

informative event

about something that has happened

informative concept

about an idea or belief

persuade speech types

fact, value, policy passive agreement, gain immediate action

persuasive fact

used to persuade the audience to accept the view of the facts

persuasive value

used to persuade audience to accept the value (rightness or wrongness of an action)

persuasive policy

used to persuade the audience on a specific course of action

persuasive passive agreement

encourages audience to believe that an action is a good one without actually inciting the audience to do anything

persuasive gain immediate action

encourages audience to take steps in order to support the policy/idea

entertain speech

a speech with the sole purpose of entertainment

central idea

summarizes the main points that the speech will address

introduction methods

provide a quote, ask a question, use humor, tell a story, present a visual aid, arouse curiosity

introduction purposes

get the speaker off on the right foot, arouse the audience's interest, preview the speaker's topic, create a good first-impression/bond to the audience, boost the speaker's confidence, establish speaker credibility

body purposes

dictates the introduction and conclusion, provides main information

body methods

make an outline, transition from points with grace, don't include more than one idea in each point

conclusion purposes

purpose: end the speech and reinforce the main idea

conclusion methods

dissolve--fade to dramatic final appeal crescendo--build to more intensity. Revisit main points, end strongly, leave an impression

speech organization

chronological, spatial, causal, problem solution, topical

chronological organization

presents main point in the time continuum order they occur in

spatial organization

describes lay out, structure, and direction

causal organization

organized by cause and effect oder

problem solution organization

explains a problem and identifies a solution

topical organization

presents evidence in no specific order

evidence purpose

illustrating a point in the speech, elaborating an idea, proving the truthfulness in a statement

support materials

examples, statistics, testimony

example types

brief, extended, hypothetical

brief example

specific case to discuss one point

extended example

a lengthy story to illustrate a point

hypothetical example

a fictional example

statistics

presentation of numerical data via graph or other visual aid

testimony types

expert, peer

expert testimony

given by experts in a field

peer testimony

given by someone with firsthand knowledge

credibility

competence and character

character credibility

how the audience regards the speaker's trustworthiness

competence credibility

how the audience regards the speaker's expertise

credibility types

initial, derived, terminal

initial credibility

the credibility perceived before the speaker starts his/her speech

derived credibility

the credibility perceived during the speech

terminal credibility

the credibility perceived at the conclusion of the speech

ways to boost credibility

explain why you should be seen as an expert on the topic, create a bond with the audience, orate with conviction

reasoning

formulation of a conclusion based on evidence presented

reasoning types

reason from specifics, reason from principle, causal reason, analogical reason

reason from specifics

when reason begins with specific facts and moves to a general conclusion

reason from principle

when reason begins with a general principle to a specific conclusion

causal reason

reason to form a cause and effect relationship

false cause

assumes that since one event precedes another the first event automatically caused the second

analogical reason

comparing two similar events and assuming what is true for one will be true for the other

invalid analogy

when two things being compared are not really alike

fallacy types

red herring, ad hominem, either-or, bandwagon, slippery slope

red herring

introduction of an irrelevant fact to divert attention

ad hominem

attack on the person not the issue

either or

assuming there are only two solutions when there are more

bandwagon

the idea that if something is popular, then it is correct

slippery slope

beginning a process will inevitably lead to subsequent steps

appeal types

emotional and logical

emotional appeals

intended to make the audience feel, most powerful appeal

methods of emotional appeals

emotional language, imagery, sincerity

general emotions

fear, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness

secondary emotions

pride, guilt, shame

logical appeal types

inductive and deductive

inductive reasoning

starts with a specific case and moves to a general conclusion, best to use when audience believes differently than the speaker