(2) MED TERM pulmonology 10

pulmonology def

• is the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the lower respiratory system and chest cavity including the following organs: trachea, bronchi, lungs, and pleura. Therefore, it is most involved with the structures responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air sacs of the lungs and the bloodstream

• branch of medicine specializing in conditions of respiratory system

trachea def

tube that conducts air from larynx down to main bronchi in chest; commmonly called windpipe

pleura

protective double layer of serous membrane around lungs; parietal membrane is outer layer and visceral layer is inner membrane; secretes a thing, watery fluid to reduce friction associated with lung movement

pulmonologist def

physician specialized in treating diseases and disorders of respiratory system

conditions often treated by pulmonologists

cancer, infections, obstructive lung diseases, injuries, respiratory failure, environmental and occupational lung diseases, and disorders of the pleura

thoracic surgeon

• surgically treats lung and thoracic cavity conditions.

• physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of respiratory system by surgical means

• involves performing surgery on the lungs, trachea, esophagus, chest wall, heart, and other structures in the chest.

respiratory therapist

• (RT or RRT) whose duties include administering oxygen therapy, measuring lung capacity, monitoring blood concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, administering breathing treatments, and providing care for ventilator patients, administering breathing treatments, pulmonary function tests, monitoring o2,m etc.

all cells in the body must have a constant supply of what?

oxygen(O2)

what is oxygen

gaseous element absorbed by blood from air sacs in lungs; necessary for cells to make energy

what is the respiratory system responsible for?

The respiratory system is responsible for bringing fresh oxygen into the lungs (inhalation or inspiration), where it is loaded into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.

what does the blood do with regards to breathing?

The blood then picks up carbon dioxide (CO₂), the waste product of energy production, from the cells and returns it to the lungs where it moves into the air sacs and is removed from the body (exhalation or expiration).

carbon dioxide (CO2)

• waste product of cellular energy production; removed from cells by blood and eliminated from body by lungs

air CF

aer/o

alveolus (air sac) CF

alveol/o

bronchus CF

bronch/o, bronchi/o

bronchiole CF

bronchiol/o

dust CF

coni/o

blue CF

cyan/o

diaphragm CF

diaphragmat/o

to breathe CF

hal/o

lobe CF

lob/o

mediastinum CF

mediastin/o

oxygen CF

ox/i

pleura CF

pleur/o

lung, air CF

pneum/o

lung CF

pneumon/o, pulmon/o

breathing CF

spir/o

chest CF

thorac/o

trachea CF

trache/o

cough CF

tuss/o

vessel CF

angi/o

artery CF

arteri/o

incomplete CF

atel/o

cancer CF

carcin/o

heart CF

cardi/o

cell CF

cyt/o

plug CF

embol/o

fibrous CF

fibr/o

blood CF

hem/o

straight CF

orth/o

pus CF

py/o

pain S

-algia. -dynia

puncture to withdraw fluid S

-centesis

dilated S

-ectasis

producing S

-genic

instrument for recording S

-graph

process of recording S

-graphy

one who studies S

-logist

study of S

-logy

process of measuring S

-metry

small S

-ole

abnormal condition S

-osis

surgically create an opening S

-ostomy

cutting into S

-otomy

breathing S

-pnea

spitting S

-ptysis

chest S

-thorax

painful/difficult/abnormal P

dys-

within/inner P

endo-

normal P

eu-

outward P

ex-

excessive P

hyper-

below, insufficient P

hypo-

combining form meaning alveolus

alveol/o

alveolus def

A thin-walled air sac at the end of a respiratory bronchiole; exchange of oxygen takes place between air in alveoli and capillary blood supply surrounding them

bronchus combining form

bronch/o, bronchi/o

after entering the thoracic cavity, what is the trachea divided into? subdivided into what?

After entering the thoracic cavity, the trachea divides into the right primary bronchus to the right lung and the left primary bronchus to the left lung; they subdivide into more narrow secondary and tertiary bronchi and eventually become the narrowest bronchioles

bronchiole combining form

bronchiol/o

bronchiole def

The narrowest airway tube; carries air from bronchi to alveoli; as a bronchiole approaches a group of alveoli, it becomes a respiratory bronchiole that terminates in the alveoli

lobe def

subdivisions of organ such as lungs or brain

what is the outer layer of the serous membrane sac lining thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

inner layer of serous membrane sac encasing thoracic viscera

visceral pleura

the cavity formed by serous membrane sac surrounding lungs

pleural cavity

combining form meaning breathing

spir/o

combining form meaning trachea

trache/o

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxia; also called adult respiratory distress syndrome

aerosol therapy

Medication suspended in a mist so that it may be inhaled; often delivered by a nebulizer or metered-dose inhaler

antitussive

Medication to relieve the urge to cough

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Laboratory test for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide present in blood

asphyxia, asphyxiation

Lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; some common causes are drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock; also called suffocation

aspirate

Inhaling fluid or foreign object into airways

asthma

Disease caused by various conditions, such as allergies, and resulting in bronchospasm, excessive mucus production, inflammation, airway constriction, wheezing, and coughing

atelectasis

Condition in which lung tissue collapses, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bronchodilator

Medication that causes bronchi to dilate

bronchogenic carcinoma

Malignant lung tumor that originates in bronchi; often associated with a history of cigarette smoking

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Combination of external compressions to sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest

chest X-ray (CXR)

Taking a radiographic image of the heart and lungs; may be an anterior view, a posterior view, or a lateral view

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible condition in which airflow to and from lungs is decreased; patient can have severe dyspnea with exertion and cough; also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Machine that supplies constant and steady air pressure through mask; keeps airways continuously open; common treatment for sleep apnea

crackles

Abnormal rattling or crackling sound made during inhalation; caused by mucus or fluid in airways; also called rales

croup

Acute viral infection in infants and children; symptoms include dyspnea and a characteristic barking cough

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Genetic condition that causes patient to produce very thick mucus resulting in severe congestion within lungs and digestive system

emphysema

Pulmonary condition resulting from destruction of alveolar walls leading to overinflated alveoli; can occur as result of long-term heavy smoking or exposure to air pollution; characterized by dyspnea on exertion

endotracheal (ET) intubation

Placing tube through mouth and into trachea to maintain open airway and facilitate artificial ventilation

expectorant

Medication that improves the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract

Heimlich maneuver

Technique for removing a foreign body from the trachea or pharynx by exerting sharp pressure on the diaphragm

hyperventilation

To breathe too quickly (tachypnea) and too deeply (hyperpnea)

hypoventilation

To breathe too slowly (bradypnea) and too shallowly (hypopnea)

hypoxia

Having insufficient amount of oxygen in body

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

Condition seen in premature infants whose lungs have not had time to fully develop; lungs are not able to expand fully, causing extreme difficulty in breathing and can result in death; also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD)