Chapter 5: Middle Childhood/School Age

physical, cognitive, emotional and social development

6-11

what is considered school-age?

6-8

the juvenile period is what ages?

9-11

prepubescence/preadolescent is what age?

juvenile and prepubescence/preadolescent

what are the 2 subcategories of school-age children/middle childhood

increased hormone production

prepubescence/preadolescent is characterized by what in both sexes?

girls

do changes related to puberty begin to appear earlier in girls or boy?

2 yr

there is a _____ difference between girls and boys in the onset of puberty

race and socioeconomic status (nutrition)

the physical development of this age range depends on what two factors?

african americans; asians

_____ tend to be taller and weigh more while _____ tend to be shorter and weigh less

5 lbs/year

how much weight do children at this time usually gain per year?

2-3 inch/yrs

how much height do children this age gain per year?

6-8

what ages are girls typically smaller than boys?

9-11

what ages do girls typically get their growth spurt?

increase in coordination; scoliosis check start at 11

what are notable characteristics about musculoskeletal at this age?

loose primary teeth, replace with permanent teeth

notable characteristics of teeth

keener vision or need for corrective lenses for myopism

notable physical development in neurologic

reaches the height of development

notable characteristics of immune system

friends

self concept at this time is increasingly influenced by who?

infancy and puberty

what are the two periods of rapid growth?

family culture

the child’s food preferences are established at this point and are reflected by…

activity

diet is influenced by…

30%

__% of kids between 6-12 years old are overweight

True

True or False: fat cells gained early on in life don’t just go away; technically they never go away they just shrink

hereditary, decreased activity, increased fast food

what are the main causes of childhood obesity?

HTN, DM, heart disease

what are some consequences of obesity?

dietary counseling/family based

what is treatment for childhood obesity?

vitamins/minerals/nutrients

under nutrition increases in low SES because they are missing the _______ needed to grow

DTP, MMR, Varicella, Flu Meningococcal

what are some common immunizations for ages 6-11

scoliosis, vision, hearing

common health screenings during this age

safety gear, seat belts, road safety

examples of injury prevention at this age

asthma, URI, allergies

common health problems with this age group

asthma

#1 most common cause of school absenses

missed school

asthma is a risk to development because of what?

False

True or False: joint aches with growth spurts are just psychosomatic

increase in coordination, more flexible, better balance, agility, and force

notable things about children’s gross motor skills at this age

writing is more legible and drawing more in detail

notable things about children’s fine motor skills at this age

competitive and cooperative play

what type of play do these children engage in?

painting, drawing, construction play, riding bicycle, begin team sports, board games, collections

what would be appropriate toy for this age group: 6-8

maps, books about faraway places, jigsaw puzzles, building models, play video games, play team sports, learn to play musical instruments

what would be appropriate toy for this age group: 9-12

12 hours

hours of sleep needed for 6-8 yr olds

10 hours

hours of sleep needed for 9-11 yr olds

60 mins

kids should have a minimum of ______ of exercise per day making sure to include large muscles

activity makes them tired

why are there fewer bedtime problems at this age?

aggressive behavior and obesity

Healthy People 2030 believe that an increase in TV, video games, etc can increase _____________ and ________

4-6 hours, 8+ on weekends

how many hours of media are parents allowing (even though they shouldn’t)

atypical sensory processing

all the lights and sounds of the screens effect the brain, causes overstimulation; usually before age 2

two hours

American Academy of Pediatricians Recommendations: no more than ____ of either TV or video games per day

concrete operational stage

What stage is this for Piaget?

concrete operational stage

characterized by the logical operations to concrete problems; increase in logical mental processing; During this time, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete, or real-world, events and situations, though they still have difficulty with abstract thinking; Piaget

decentering

ability to focus on several characteristics or take multiple aspects of a situation

reversibility

ability to reverse or return to starting point; play dough example

information processing

able to process more info as their memory capabilities has increased

conservation

things remain constant despite appearance that something changed; think of the previous glass example, they actually understand that now

classification

sorting objects into groups (collections)

seriation

ability to order items along a quantitative dimension

seriation

a struggle with this could indicate a struggle with math later in life

spatial reasoning

understanding of scale or proportional differences; ex. planets

achievement and IQ intelligence testing

two tests for measuring intelligence

achievement testing

assess the child’s knowledge and skill of what they have learned; ex. finals

IQ Intelligence testing

assess cognitive ability; knowledge aquired over time and measures potential and educational attainment

100

what IQ is considered average?

6

after what age do they do an IQ test if they suspect a genius

130

what IQ is considered high intelligence

70

what IQ is considered low intelligence

intelligence testing

_______ is still the ideal tool to identify high intelligent children and diagnosing children learning problems

gifted and talented

based on an IQ score of greater than 130 and or an outstanding performance in a specific field

acceleration

special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead, sometimes even skipping grades; same material but faster rate, can be effective

enrichment

an approach through which students are kept at the same grade level but are enrolled in special programs allowing an intellectual challenge; get into more depth on topics

both

nature vs nurture?

teacher-student

good _________ relationships have a strong impact on the achievement and social behavior

decreased motivation and self esteem, increased anxiety

negativity from a teacher toward a lower IQ child can cause what?

attention deficity hyperactivity disorder

what does ADHD stand for?

attention deficit disorder

what does ADD stand for?

ADHD

characterized by ADD and hyperactivity

7%

___% of school age children will be diagnosed with ADHD this year

2x

boys are ___ as likely to get ADHD

medication (stimulants) with a combination of behavior modification; trying to get neural transmitters going

what is the treatment for ADHD (no cure)

poor academic performance, behavior problems, and risky behavior

untreaded ADHD is typically characterized by?

ADHD

this disorder causes unknown abnormal brainwaves and decreased blood flow, especially in frontal lobe

smaller and thinner

people with ADHD have a _____ and _____ cerebral cortex

ADHD

this disorder is characterized by difficulty reading/being read to, behind on achievement, poor social skills, impulsiveness, difficulty following social rules, trouble maintaining friendships, rejected by peers, etc.

environmental factors like smoking, drugs, alcohol use in pregnancy

ADHD is linked to what?

premature birth

ADHD has a high incidence in what?

20

language skills continue to accelerate; they learn ____ new words each day through reading

experiment with profanity and potty talk, tends to imitate parents and family members, increases ability to write sentences, begins to use syntax communication

communication patterns of this age

syntax communication

ability to organize their words into sentences

reading

most significant skill to master!

industry vs inferiority

which stage of development does Erikson place this age range in?

want to achieve success and develop new skills; self worth

give overarching idea of industry vs inferiority

interested in doing the work; pride in doing something well; increased confidence, cooperation, and perseverance 

give traits of industry (erikson)

inferiority

if expectations are too high and there are repeated failures and little support this can happen (erikson)

defeated; isolates self from others; in adulthood, may be unable to pursue steady work or may become a workaholic who. is unable to engage in leisure

characteristics of inferiority (erikson)

high; decline

self esteem is typically ___ in middle childhood but begins to ____ around age 12, then gradually rise

True

True or False: children with low self esteem may come enmeshed in a cycle of failure

authoritative

parents can help break the cycle of failure through ________ childrearing style; encouragement, emotional support

authoritarian

this parenting style causes kids to be untruthful, untrustworthy, and unable to make decision

True

True or False: friend’s influence does not become greater than the influence of parents and other family members

trust becomes important, more selective in friends (choose ones that are similar to self), typically same sex with similar interests

general characteristics of friendships in middle school

friendships

this has an increased importance in development during middle childhood

boys

this gender tends to form groups of friends