Unit 6: Industrial Revolution 1815-1914

Why Industrialization happened in Britain first

They had access to raw materials - the factories were powered by coal and built with iron

Good transportation systems - rivers and canals made it cheap to transport goods

The government also rewarded people for new inventions

Steam powered locomotive 1860

Train that was powered by steam

Spinning jenny

Invented by Hargreaves in 1764

Made producing textiles faster and cheaper

Steam engine 1769

Invented by James Watt in 1769

Used steam and coal to turn turbines that were used to power machines, no longer needed water to power factories

Bessemer Process

Allowed steal to be mass produced which was stronger and more resistant to rust

Corn laws

put tariffs on imported corn

1846 parliament repealed the corn laws

The great exhibition

Britain held a international celebration of their greatness in 1851, in the center was the crystal palace which showed Britain’s industrial process

Industrialization in other parts of Europe

Slow to take place because of the lack of coal and iron Ex. France

Nation system

The Prussian government build thousands of miles of railroads linking different parts together

Zollverein system

Put a huge tariff around German states and allowed for free trade within the state

Irish potato famine 1840s-1850s

Mold in potato made it impossible to consume the potatoes

Second Industrial Revolution

Instead of iron it was steal and instead of coal and steam it was gasoline and electricity

New technologies:

• electricity helped the communication industry

• Telegraphs used Morse code to communicate to distant places

• Telephone made communication faster, allowed voices to be heard

Women had to sit at switch boards and manually connect callers

• thousands of new rail roads were build

Chemical engineering

Vulcanization - made rubber harder used was used in factories to make machines turn

Internal combustion engine

Smaller and more efficient, ran on gasoline and powered automobiles

Rise of consumer goods

More people wanting goods led to department stores and shopping became a leisure activity

Factory Act 1833

Britain, a child under the age of 9 could not legally work in factories and children 9-13 could work 9 hours a day, the older the kid the more hours they could work

Ten hours act 1847

Britain, kids 13-18 could only work 10hrs a day no kid under 13 could work

Social classes

Middle class citizens believed in rigid gender roles, they worked in management jobs, medicine, and law, some owned factories (known as white collar people)

Cult of domesticity

Ridged gender roles, nuclear family, created nurturing homes and married for love

Freemasons

Middle class men could join to help eachother persue common interests

Middle class formed mutual aid societies where they promised to help eachother in times of need

Burke (British)

Society should be ruled by a small group of elite leaders, the working class shouldn’t lead

Joesph de Maistre (french)

Agreed with the French Revolution until it got violent, He believed that religion should be used to govern, and he wanted a return of the monarch after the French revolution

Metternich

Believed only powerful central governments would bring order to European states, he argued for intervention in countries where order was threatened by change and intervene in a country where revolution might happen

1815-1848 was known as the age of Metternich

Metternich’s goals in the congress of Vienna

1. Ensure France could not become an aggressor

2. Restore the balance of power

3. Compensation

4. Restore legitimate rulers in places where napoleons exile left a vacuum

5. Reward the victors of the struggle

Metternichs concert of Europe

• imposed conservatism on the entire European continent

• Argued the need for organized religion

• Upheld the rights of the landed nobility

• Aimed to restore the balance of power by installing legitimate rulers that were conservative

Carlsbad Decrees 1819

Austria tried to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states

War of Greek independence

Greece was ruled by the Ottomans in the early 1800s, starting in 1821 Greek nationalist engaged in a series of rebellion in order to gain independence. The ottomans defeated Greece but Great Britain, France, and Russia sided with Greece to defeat the Ottomans, the Ottomans lost and the Greeks won their independence in 1821.

July Revolution

France, King Charles X was conservative and wanted France to go back to its pre revolution era

In july of 1830 he stripped the middle class of their voting right and tried to censor the press, middle class liberals and working class people flooded the streets of Paris and staged an insurrection, for 3 days there was rioting and fighting; when Charles X realized he was in danger, he fled and abdicated the throne

After him was Louis Philipe, he restored some of the things Charles X took away but was still conservative

• deemed a failure

1848 - revolution around Europe (France)

In France people started demanding for more liberal governments bc Louis Philipe was conservative and there was a bread shortage

People gathered the streets and the king responded with military force killing about 50 people, the Parisians flooded the streets and built massive barricades for protection, after the riots and 3 assassination attempts, Louis Philipe abdicated the throne; a provisional government restored the French Republic and enacted liberal provisions demanded by the people

During the revolution of 1848 (French)

the National Assembly created a new constitution and elected Napoleon III, in 1852 he was elected dictator for life and by 1870 he crowned himself emperor

Spread of 1848 revolutions

Spread to German states, they demanded for more liberal reforms like voting rights and unification of German states

1848 Revolution in German states

Prussian king William IV agreed to give the people a new liberal constitution and merge Prussia into a unified German state, when the people were debating the conditions, he sent troops to crush them

Revolution of 1905 (Russia)

The people demanded a more liberal government

October manifesto - universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and reform of a representative body called the duma

Liberalism

Emphasized limited government and rights of individuals, they believed in popular sovereignty

Bentham

Utilitarianism - actions should be judged based on whether they increase the happiness of those affected by the action

He seeked education for women and religious freedom

Flora Tristan

Advocated for universal womens suffrage

Socialism

Calls for the re-distribution of society’s wealth and resources

Karl marx

Scientific socialism

1848 communist manifesto - driving force of history is class struggle over economic wealth

Effects of industrial revolution on society

Showed the inequality of middle class and working class

Anarchism

All forms of government is bad and they should be replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Labor unions

Promoted social and economic reforms

German social democratic family

Formed by the general German workers association and advocated for Marxist reforms in Germany, they wanted private to become public

Change in women’s roles

Women began pressing for legal, economic and political rights and improved working conditions

Temperance movement

Led by women and aimed to ban alcohol

Sunday school movement

Led by women to educate the working class kids

The women’s social and political union

Advocated for voting rights for women

1918 parliament gave women over 30 the right to vote

Britain’s public health movement

Edwin Chadwick - He stated that diseases were transmitted to poor communities because of filthy and unsanitary conditions

Britain sewer and clean water systems

Urban planning

Napoleon III assigned Charles Halissman with tearing down the old Paris and rebuilding a new one