AP Psychology Vocab Quiz 91-120

Drive Reduction theory

Suggests behaviors are motivated by the need to maintain homeostasis and reduce physiological tension.

Echoic Memory

Type of memory that stores auditory information

Ecological Systems Theory

Explores how an individual's social environment shapes their development through five interconnected systems.

EEG

Produces amplified tracings of waves of electrical brain activity. Records electrical activity of the brain. Widely used in sleep research.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

theory explaining the two routes to persuasion: central (thoughtful) and peripheral (superficial)

Elaborative Rehearsal

Rehearsal technique that involves associating new information with existing knowledge create meaning

Encoding Failure

Causes trouble retrieving memories as information never entered long-term memory in the first place.

Eugenics

A controversial practice aimed at improving human genetics through selective breeding.

Eustress

Motivating, positive stress that energizes and focuses. Includes challenges that push you out of your comfort zone and help grow.

informed consent and voluntary participation

the psychologist must inform the participants the nature of study that might influence a person’s willingness

Students as research participants

When research participantion is a course requirement, the student must be given a choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement

The use of deception

psychologists can use deception only when 2 conditions have been met: 1. It isn’t feasible to use alternatives that don’t use deception, 2. The potential findings justify the use of deception becuase of their scientific value

Confidential Records

psychologists may not publicly disclose personally identifiable information about research participants

Information about the study and debriefing

all participants must be provided with the opportunity to obtain information about the conclusion of the research

Excitatory

Signals that increase the likelihood of a neuron firing

Executive Functions

Cognitive processes such as planning, decision-making, and problem-solving

Exosystem

Includes indirect factors that still impact the individual's life: parent's workplace and local government policies

Experiment

A research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental processes while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects

Experimental Group

The group exposed to the independent variable in an experiment

Experimental Bias

Researchers' expectations influencing the outcome of a study

Explanatory Style

A person's predictable pattern of attributions for good and bad events in their own life and other’s lives

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall and describe.

Episodic Memory

Type of explicit memory for specific events and experiences

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Proposes that facial expressions influence the experience of emotion

False Consensus Effect

The belief that others share one's own opinions and behaviors more than they actually do

Farsightedness

Difficulty seeing close objects clearly

Fight-Flight Freeze Response

The body's automatic reaction to threat, preparing for fight, escape, or freezing

Figure-Ground Phenomenon

Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out is less distinct in the backgroud

Fixed Mindset

Views intelligence as an innate, unchangeable trait

Flat Affect

A lack of emotional expression, often seen in individuals with certain mental disorders

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think quickly and abstractly, which tends to decline with age

Flynn Effect

Refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, with each generation outperforming the last

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Starts with a small request before making a larger one.

Foreclosure

A state where an individual has committed to an identity without exploration.