Ecology- Evolution

Carrying capacity

The limiting factors of resources because of a large population. If you exceeded the pop. then you will face consequences

Competiton

Resources ensuring that not all individuals receive everything. Inhibits reproductive offspring

Reproductive success

Your generations being passed on

Gene pool

Variation / versions of your possible alleles

Fitness

Fitness in ecology is a measure of how well an organism is adapted to its environment and how successful it is in reproducing.

Define the three Conditions required for natural selection

• .Need variation within the population

• the variation must be hereditable

• traits must have consequences. which determines survival and reproduction success

Bottle neck effect

A decrease in diversity. something occurring in a pop where part of the species / variation is gone.

Founder effect

small group form a gene pool in order to spread into a new population. Colonization, The diversity does not replicate

How do you change the frequency of the trait

Stabilizing, Direction and Disruptive

Stabilizing

no variation, Normal/ looks and behaves a certain way

Direction

Moving to a current environmental goal. Example: Having resources to adapt to a new ability

Disruptive

More phenotype is adaptive to the environment

Darwin finches

climate changes leading to different seed sizes. El nino

Hardy weinburg equilibrium

No mutation

Random mating

No immigration

No emigration

Why does small offspring able to survive longer?

Harder for predators to find them

Explain the peppered moths

Changing of fitness due to pollution gave black moths the likelihood to survive

Allopatric

Genetic drift. separate homelands due to environmental changes

Sympatric

adapting to polyploidy creating new species

Purifying selection

negative selection) The process whereby harmful genetic variants (*alleles) are eliminated from a population.

What is an example about directional selection

Is the example of black moths having a extreme/ favored phentoype

genes vs alleles

A gene is a part of DNA that codes for a trait or a function. An allele is a different version or form of a gene that varies by the nucleotide base at a specific location. Alleles are responsible for the variations in how a trait or a function is expressed. Each gene has two copies, one inherited from each parent, and each copy can be a different allele.

What does the MC1R code for

For darker skin and a protein from the production of pheomelanin to eumelanin

The amount of variation in MC1R sequence is lower in indigenous African population then in Europeans and Asians. What is the driver for stabilizing selection

A Strong negative selection that will code for dark skin

The cause for diversifying selection in European and Asian MC1R sequence

Greater variation in the gene. Northern lanitudues dont have too much UV radiation. while Africa have melelain skin to protect from the sun

What roles does Melanin play

Eumelanin- darker skin, UV protection

Pheomelanin- pale light skin. no UV protection

The difference between artificial selection and natural selection

Artificial selection is conducted by humans. while natural selection happens on its own. like environmental changes in animals

Use artificial selection and natural selection in the example of Methiellin

Artifical= actually exposing the to the toxin

Natural=a development of resistance to environmental toxin

what can of graph selection is antibiotics

Its directional since it has one extreme

Domestication syndrome

where animals that were stress become less and feel okay around humans. Physical changes can happen also

Explain the Beyler experiment

showed domesticated foxes and the morphology changing along with stress levels

The neural crest hypothesis

explain many changes found in domescation syndrome . The unselected by product of white patches, floppy ears and jaws loosening

The red queen hypothesis

competitive nature, you have to continually change to stay ahead

What are the life stages

Embryos, Juvenile and adults

Fast vs slow reproduction

Fast- shorter life span, large offspring , faster growth. smaller parent investment

Slow, long life span, small offspring, small growth, Greater parent investment

Principle of allocation

organism have infinite amounts of energy and resources to over come environmental challenges so compromises or tradeoffs.

Trade offs in plants

seed size, and distribution method. the more seeds you produce the smaller they will be

Clutch size

Number of eggs and reproductive success

Why might having a large clutch size be bad

It can limit the food, the size of the nest for reproductive success and life expectancy to be lower

Tropical vs temperate environments with offspring

Temperate - more trips but parent morality is higher

Tropical- more on individual offspring for survival

Clutch manipulation

More eggs = more offspring survival . For the parents with more offspring thowill have a lower life span

Chickadees

Use tophor to store energy and fat for the winter

Flycatchers

The more offspring they have the more likely to get infected with parasites

Guppies

raise in low and high predator environments . the higher environments make them think about resources and reproductive offspring also phenotypic plasticity

Cray fish

they wait to grow to produce large amount of offspring

Semelparity

reproduce once and die

Iteroparity

Reproduce more then once

why does Senesanse happen in Seelparity and iteroaprity

As aging goes on the harder it is to survive. Especially post reproduction

Why is sex so popular among multicellular

Evolves when selection changes over time

selection changes over space

Organism are less adapted to their environment - temperature change

Evolve when pop. are finite a limited gene pool. combing traits

Bed bugs uses traumatic insemination piercing the female abdomen to deliver sperm but how is it bad for females

This deceases female longevity and the number of eggs they produce

“Cost of meiosis”

Drive pop toward asexual reproduction , create more offspring to get the genetic benefit.

Parthenogenesis

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization,

What does Whiptail lizards

Formerly sexual species

Rich genetic diversity

male to stimulate egg production

Genetic recombination

Greater capacity to overcome challenges

Sexually reproducing roundworms had better survival when exposed to bacterial parasites

Opportunity to recombing alleles and evolving like the red queen hypothesis

Sex determination

if the breeding male dies , the female can convert how to release the gametes and fertile

Can females have to different alleles because of Heat overrides and hacthing

ZW, ZZ

28C cool enough ZZ

Hatch as males

36C cool enough ZZ

hatch as females

Hemaphocite

an organism having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or (in the case of some organisms) as the natural condition. And allows for auto pollination

Spider plants can produce sexually to produce

white flowers.

Sex Ratios. Is there an advantage to having sons rather than daughters

Depends on commitment or environment

Sex ratio in fewer energy resources and produce fewer males

Male fetuses are aborted more often during gestation

compare and contrast the costs and benefits associated with sexual versus asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction Costs:
- Cost of Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction Benefits:
- Purging Mutations
- Genetic Variation
-Future Environmental Variation
- Genetic Variation and Evolving Parasites
Asexual Reproduction Costs:
- Does not persist in Nature
Asexual Reproduction Benefits:
-Uses Less Energy

What is the difference between genetic and environmental sex determination?

Genetic: Inheritance of sex-specific chromosomes (females have 2 X chromosomes and males have 1 X and 1 Y chromosome. Male mammals produce approximately equal number of gametes containing each sex chromosome. Half the progeny in these populations will be female and other half male.
Environment: environmental sex determination for reptiles determined by the temperature at which the egg develops. Turtles = embryos incubated at lower temp typically produce males and vice versa (temperature-dependent sex determination). Genotype able to produce multiple phenotypes, a type of phenotypic plasticity.

Frequency dependent selection

When a rarer phenotype (sex) is favored by natural selection. and the offspring is the fitness of a phenotype or genotype increases as it becomes more common

What is monogamy, polyandry, polygyny and promiscuity

Monogamy- 1 to 1 ratio

Polyandry MM:F

polygyny FF:M

extra pair copulations

Females choose males for their potential as providers and then other males for their genetic contribution

Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics

What is the difference between interspecific, intraspecific and intrasexual selection

• Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. It involves competition among individuals within a population.

• Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. It involves competition for resources such as food, territory, or mates.’

• intrasexual selection is a mode of sexual selection where members of the same sex compete with each other for access to mates of the opposite sex.

What is the tradeoffs with polygynous populations

wanting a good territory or the quality of the male. Its the female choice for what best for her offspring but could have costs

Give an example of the female choice

Peacocks (more feathered eyes and long tailed widowbirds (longer tails)

The good health hypothesis

the appearance determines your health

What are the costs and benefits with living in a group.

Benefits: Survival , lower likelihood of predation ,Feeding , easier to find food, Mating

Costs: Negative impact with health, Diseases, Competiton for food

Vigilance

How many times you are able to look away in relation to predators or an animal's monitoring of its surroundings in order to heighten awareness of predator presence.

why do leks show a good benefit towards living in groups

more male draws attention to females

How do bamboos make most of optimization

Making sure the size of the group is intermediate which leads to less stress and small food travel

Terriotoriality

energy costs but migrate agonistic encounters

Protecting resources : food mates and offspring

Agonistic behavior

Showing signs of defense

Altruistic

(-)(+)

spiteful

(-)(-)

cooperative

(+)(+)

Selfish

(+)(-)

Coefficients of relatedness

Likeilihood that two individuals will share the same alleles

Wild turkeys shows what benefit and how

By altruistic behavior

Helpers at the nest

Increase their inclusive fitness when likelihood of individual success is low

Parent / offspring conflict

The parents dilemma of how much to provide for the offspring

when do females risk death more

In bleeding ground squirrels

what is Eusocial

several adults living together

overlapping generation

cooperations in nest building

reproductive dominance

Are females haploid or diploid

Diploid

Are males haploid or diploid

Haploid

What percentage does females relate to their sisters

75%

what percentage does mother relate to their sons

50%

What relation do female bees relate to their fathers

50%