Ap hug exam main vocab (models)

Unit 1 thinking geographically: scale of analysis

Distribution, arrangement, and structure. global, regional, local

Unit 1 thinking geographically: Spatial patterns

Clustered, dispersed, linear, or geometric

Unit 1 thinking geographically: Spatial relationship

Interaction, flow of people, things, and ideas

Unit 1 thinking geographically: Distance decay

Interactions, connectivity, association, and interdependence.The interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases

Unit 1 thinking geographically: times space compression

Likelihood of diffusion depends on connected

Unit 1 thinking geographically: different diffusion types

Relocation or expansion diffusion

Unit 2 population and migration: stage 1 of the DTM

Birth rate, death rate high, natural increase rate stable, lots of famine, poor sanitation, no health care, high total fertility rate, low life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, high hunters and gathers no birth control. FAMINE AND DISEASE

Unit 2 population and migration: stage 2 of the DTM

High birth rate, drop in death rate, explosion in natural increase rate, famine, poor sanitation, and no healthcare, BUT improving, very young, high total fertility rate, low expectancy of birth, decreasing in mortality rate, agricultural revolution happens, Nigeria, Colombia Kenya. DISEASE (CHOLERIA), UNSANITARY, FAMINE.

Unit 2 population and migration: stage 3 of the DTM

Birth rates drop death rates drop natural increase rate peaks but then drops, birth control increase in urbanization, increase in woman, education, industrialization transforms economy, and demographic picture. India Brazil Mexico, China. DEGENERATIVE DISEASES (heart attack, stroke, cancers)

Unit 2 population and migration: stage 4 of the DTM

Drop in birth rate, drop in death rate, drop in natural increase rate, lots of urbanization, lots of schooling, lots of reproductive rights, medicine and sanitation. Post industrial revolution causes urban revolution. USA, Canada, France.DEGENERATIVE DISEASES (heart attack, stroke, cancers)

Unit 2 population and migration: stage 5 of the DTM

Drop birth rate, increase in death rate, drop in natural increase rate, very old, lots of dependency ratio, population implosion. Post industrialization, Japan, Russia, Italy. REEMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS & PARASITE DISEASES (AIDS, HIV, antibiotic resistant)

Unit 2 population and migration: Malthusian theory

Population grows faster than supply, leads to a global crisis

Unit 2 population and migration: Neomalthusians theory

Believed that world was stripping variety of resources not just food.

Unit 2 population and migration: Ester boserup theory

Believed that as populations increased, so would the food supply

Unit 2 population and migration: Epidemiologic model

Stages of disease and causes of death

Unit 2 population and migration: Ravenstein‘s law of migration

People travel short distances, to neighboring countries, usually to go to big cities, and they move for economic opportunities

Unit 2 population and migration: Gravity model

The degree of interaction between two places based on population size and the distance between them

Unit 2 population and migration: Push and pull factors

Factors that either make a person want to go to a place or not want to go.

Unit 2 population and migration: step migration

Person travels through many locations to get to final destination

Unit 2 population and migration: Chain migration

One person goes, then family, or friend follows in their footsteps

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: cultural relativism

Judging a culture by its own standards

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Conquest theory

In the European languages spread because powerful groups moved in and blended their language with theirs

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Ethnocentrism

Belief that one culture is superior to another

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Cultural diffusions

The spread of ideas by relocation, hierarchical, contagious and stimulus diffusion

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: What is stimulus diffusion

A core idea, adapted elsewhere and changed to fit the cultures values

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: acculturation

An immigrant, taking some traits of a dominant culture, but not all, and still remaining part of their own culture

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Assimilation

An immigrant, taking all of the dominant countries beliefs, and leaving them with no individuality from their own culture

Unit 4 political geography: ratzels organic theory

He behaves like an organism and needs territory to survive

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Nation state

Boundaries of a nation (people with a shared identity) match the boundaries of a state (a political unit with sovereignty)

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: What is sovereignty

A country that has complete control over itself. It has its own government laws and decisions without outside interference.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Self determination

People (a nation ) that have the right to choose its own political status and the form of its state

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: different boundary types

Super imposed, relic, antecedent, and subsequent

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: What is a antacedent boundary

A boundary that was Established before an area was settled/developed

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: what is a Subsequent boundary

A boundary that was drawn after an area is settled

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: heartland theory

Mackinder- anyone in central Eurasia can dominate global politics, have influence, power, and control

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Rimland theory

Spykman- anyone in control of the coastal/fringes can dominate global politics influence and have power and control it is also not landlocked.

Unit 5 agriculture + rural land use: vonn thünen model

The distance from market. 1) dairy/market gardening. 2) lumber/forests. 3) field crops/grains. 4) livestock ranching.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Sustainability

Using resources in a way to mend their needs and that does not harm future generations ability for their own

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Green Revolution

The use of new farming techniques with technology, better seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation to increase food production in MDCs

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Bid rent theory

Explain how the price of land changes based on the distance from the city center

Unit 6 industrialization & economic development: rostows stages of economic growth

1) traditional society, focused on agricultural farming. 2) transitional stage, focused on industrialization. 3) takeoff, focused on economic growth. 4) drive to maturity focus, focused on economic diversity. 5) high mass consumption, focused on tertiary economic activity services

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Wallerstein‘s world system theory

Global economic system is divided into core (rich). semi-periphery (medium) and periphery (poor), They are all connected through trade and economic relationships.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Dependency theory

Poor countries depend on richer countries, which keeps them from developing in staying wealthy. The MDC’s limited economic development in LDCs.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Webber‘s least cost theory

Manufacturing industries focus on transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration costs when picking a location

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Structuralist theory

Large scale, economic attachment shape what is possible for a countries development.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Hotellings location theory

All products are equal in a customer’s mind, they go to the most convenient location

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: loschs zine of profitability

Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profits

Unit 7 cities & urban land use: burgess concentric zone model

A city grows in rings outward from a central downtown area

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Hoyt sector model

A city develops in a wedge shaped sectors from the center like a pie.

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Harris-ullman multiple nuclei model

A city has multiple centers (nodes) instead of just one downtown

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Central Place theory

Explains how cities are spread out to provide goods and services efficiently

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Rank size rule

A country cities follow a pattern where each city is a certain size compared to the largest

Unit 3 cultural patterns + processes: Primate city rule

One city is much larger and more important than all the others in the country