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Confucianism

The most significant cultural belief in China. Focused on proper living in the world.

Filial Piety

Respect people older than you. Grandfather is the most important person in the family. Grand father will respect you, but you must respect him.

Patriarchy

A society where men have more decision making power than women.

Daoism

Daoism claimed that there must be a balance in all things (yin and yang). Was the base for all Chinese art and heavily influenced architectural styles of China. Focused on the perfection of nature. Became the scientists, etc... of early China.

Mandate of Heaven

The idea that someone had earned the right to rule because they practiced perfect values and had the blessing of the gods.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Civil Service Exam

A test based on Confucianism that made sure only the best and the brightest got government jobs.

Song Dynasty

960 - 1279 CE. Continued to use cultural beliefs to maintain and justify their rule.

Nomadic Pastoralists

Domesticated animals, but didn't settle down to farm. Moved around a lot.

Tribute System

China would "allow" other civilizations to trade with them as long as foreigners came to the Chinese Emperor's court and paid official tribute and bowed before the emperor. The Chinese would often give gifts to the visitors.

Grand Canal

A giant canal that connects the two major rivers, since all major rivers in China run east to west. Was used for trade, to move armies, and to collect taxes.

Champa Rice

A special rice from Vietnam that has two planting seasons.

Surplus

Extra of a resource.

Division of Labor

Allowing people to specialize in one specific task to increase production.

Porcelain, Silk, Textiles

Manufactured for trade export which made China very wealthy.

Subsistence Farming

Farming only enough to feed one's family.

Artisan

A worker skilled in a trade

Commercial Activity

Buying and selling to make a profit.

Hangzhou

The capital of the Song Dynasty, located at the southern end of the Grand Canal. Was the largest city in the world.

Neo-Confucianism

A reaction to the rise of Buddhism in the Song Dynasty. Overemphasized that men are more important than women and women should stay in the home and be silent.

Foot Binding

A Neo-Confucianist practice. Little girl's feet were broken and then wrapped tight so that would grow disfigured. Small feet became s symbol of "culture" and not man would want to marry a women with large/normal feet. Is an extreme form of patriarchy that keeps women crippled and dependent on men.

Korea/Japan cultural borrowing

Korea and Japan borrowed Chinese culture and language.

Confucius

An ancient teacher and the creater of Confucianism. Taught people to act proper.

Hinduism

The worlds oldest religion. Both Polytheistic and Monotheistic. Originated in India.

Vedic

Old religious Hinduism texts.

Dharma

Your destiny/religious duty that you must follow. Must not question the caste system.

Caste System

A very strict social hierarchy

Karma

The idea that you get what you deserve in life.

Reincarnation

The idea that you will be rebirthed into a new body in your next life.

Buddhism

Similar to Hinduism, but was based off of the teachings of Buddha. Was focused on the idea that social equality was best way to find inward peace.

Monastic Lifestyle

Reject having a family, live in a monastery, and devote your life to religion.

Mahayana Buddhism

Buddha is more like a God that people pray to for help and salvation. Mostly practiced by people in East Asia. Spread to East Asia.

Theravada Buddhism

Closer to Buddha's original message. Buddha is just a teacher. Anyone can achieve enlightenment. More commonly practiced in India.

Bhakti Movement

Inspired by the spread of Islam and the idea that people should submit themselves to one true god. Hindu communities put more emphasis on a personal devotion to god rather than on the caste system or Dharma. Helped Hinduism beat out Buddhism in India.

Rajput Kingdoms

Small kingdoms in India that were led by local warriors, Rajputs, that would act as political leaders in their small communities. Used Hinduism to unite their people against Islamic invaders.

Srivijaya Kingdoms

(Malaysia and Indonesia) dominated Indian Ocean trade from 700s-1100s CE. Used Buddhism (blended with Hinduism) for art, architecture, and to unite their people

Sinhalese Dynasties

In Sri Lanka, guarded "tooth of Buddha" and used it to justify rule of island. Very strict Buddhist rule(Militant form)

Khmer Empire

(800s to 1400s). Orginally Hindu then more Buddhist to dominate trade and culture in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.

Sultanate of Malacca

Controlled the most important narrow pass shortcut between India and China. Became extremely wealthy and the Malay language became a regional lingua franca. Was located in modern Malaysia.

Indian Ocean sea trade

Sea trade on the Indian Ocean that created wealth and growing power for kingdoms in SE Asia, and India.

Buddha

Was a Hindu. Rejected some Hindu teachings. Most of his teachings are based on Hinduism. Created Buddhism. Taught social equality was the beast way to find inward peace.

European Middle Ages

A period right after all classical European civilizations were completely destroyed and there was no longer one empire to rule over everything.

Political Fragmentation

An area that has been split into a bunch of smaller regions each controlled/ruled separately, by their own unique ruler/leader.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Manorial System

An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors that were run by a lord that had total freedom to run their own farm/small village (manor). Peasants were used to work the land and do daily tasks.

Lords

People of high rank that owned land.

Serfs

Peasants who were bound to the land where they worked for a lord

Serfdom

A system where lords provided food, shelter and protection, but the peasants gave up their freedom and could not leave.

Coerced Labor

When a person is forced to do labor by another person or state in exchange for nothing or almost nothing.

Byzantine Empire

The last remaining empire in Europe during the Middle Ages. Was located in Eastern Europe. Saw itself as a continuation of the old Roman Empire. Followed some old Roman laws. Their capital was the city of Constantinople. Greek culture and language were more common than Latin.

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Catholic Christianity

Practiced in Western Europe and follows the leadership of the Pope.

Pope

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Orthodox Christianity

Practiced in Eastern Europe (Byzantine Empire) follows the leadership of the Byzantine Emperor.

Islam in Europe

Spain was part of Dar al-Islam. Since Islam was so much more advanced, Christian scholars traveled to Spain to learn the latest science and medicine

Judaism in Europe

Jews revolted against Rome. Romans crushed them and kicked out of Israel and many fled north to Europe. Faced discrimination in Europe

Swamp Drain

Swamps were drained in low countries to create more usable farmland.

Three Field System

A system of rotating crops, so the soil doesn't get overused.

Italian City-States

location led to trade, which led to wealth and cultural diffusion, some of the only cities in Europe to be connected to the outside world.

Marco Polo

A Venetian (from the Italian City-State of Venice) served Kublai Khan in China and wrote a book that made Europeans very intrigued about China and East Asia.

Margery Kempe

A Christian mystic from England. Made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and wrote a book about her life experiences. Considered to be the first autobiography written in English and the book provides insight into the life of a middle-class woman in medieval Europe.

Monotheism

Belief in one god.

Judaism

The monotheistic religion where Jewish people from Mesopotamia believe that they are the chosen people of the one true God (Yahweh).

Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus that was formed when Jesus's followers believed that he rose from the dead and that he is the savior of all people.

Missionaries

People who go to another place to spread their religion.

Quran

The message that God gives Mohammed, was later written down and became the holy book of Islam.

Muslim

A follower of Mohammed/Islam.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of Mohammed and the world Islam means "a person who submits to the one true God".

Spread of Islam

The armies of Mohammed were able to spread Islam very fast throughout the middle east, as both the Byzantines and Persians were weak from fighting each other.

Sunni Islam

90% of all Muslims. Believe that anyone who is the most qualified should be the leader of Dar al-Islam.

Shia Islam

10% of all Muslims. Most are located in Persia (Iran). Believe that there was something special in the bloodline of Mohammed and that only a relative of Mohammed should lead.

Sufi

A section of Islam focused on a mystical, passionate, and personal relationship with God. A Sufi could be either a Sunni or Shia, but they wouldn't worry much about the difference. Not as worried about strict rules, more worried about "experiencing God".

Caliph

The political and spiritual leader of all Muslims

Abbasid Caliphate

Was Islam's greatest Empire (750 - 1258 CE). At their height (850 CE) they had surpassed ancient China and had become the most advanced civilization.

House of Wisdom

A library in the capital of Baghdad, it held the accumulation of human knowledge.

Algebra

A form of math invented by the Abbasid Caliphates.

Islamic Medicine

Expanded knowledge and practices of medicine. Invented the use of alcohol as an antiseptic.

Cultural Transfer

Abbasid Caliphates took knowledge from the east and west and spread it in other directions.

Zanj Rebellion

The Zanj Rebellion was started by Ali ibn Muhammed and was an uprising against the Caliphates by enslaved East Africans (Zanj people). Zanj rebels controlled southern Iraq for 15 years before being defeated. Death estimates range from 200,000 to 2 million.

Turkish People

Semi-nomadic pastoral people originally from central Asia, north of China. Migrated west and presents huge problems for the Abbasid Caliphate. When they defeated the Islamic civilizations they were impressed by history and knowledge that they learned to write their own language in the Arabic script and converted to Islam. They kept some of their own traditions like drinking.

Pastoralists

nomads who kept herds of livestock on which they depended for most of their food

Jesus of Nazareth

A teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

Prophet Mohammed

Founder of religion of Islam. Seen as the final prophet sent from God to the Muslims. Was given the message from God that is now known as the Quran.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Was a brilliant architect, mathematician, and astronomer. He charted the movement of all the plants. Europeans would later use his work to finally prove that the Earth revolves around the sun.

Silk Roads

A system of trade routes that connected China to the Mediterranean. Mostly luxury goods were trades on these routes.

Caravanserai

Roadside inns for traverlers

Camel Domestication

Domesticated the camel for long desert trade. The camel was used to carry goods and people along the trade route.

Saddle

A seat for the rider of a camel or horse.

Astrolabe

An instrument that can be used to determine location in desert or at sea.

Banking

The creation of a banking system where loans were given and you could store your money and gain interest.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses. Used to mitigate losses if the venture were to fail, as the financial loss was shared over multiple investors.

Checks

A written vow to pay, Dar al-Islam.

Bills of Exchange

A written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note on a fixed date.

Paper Money

A legal form of money issued in the form of paper and was lighter and easier to transport and carry than coinage.

Samarkand

Powerful trade city on Asian Steppe (in Uzbekistan).

Kashgar

Powerful trade city in Western China

Hangzhou

Chinas capital during the Song dynasty and a powerful trade city that was located at the end of China's Grand Canal and marked the end of the Silk Road.

Indian Ocean Trade

Connected the East Coast of Africa to Indonesia. More bulk goods were traded along these routes. Bulk goods were easier to transport on ship than camel. Luxury goods were also traded.

New Artisan Jobs

New artisan jobs were formed in China, Persia, and India.

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail that made it possible to sail into the wind if needed.