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A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as:
a. circashift.
b. phaselag.
c. jetlag.
d. zeitgeber.
c. jet lag
When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?
a. Blinding animals strongly disrupted their clock.
b. Rendering animals deaf strongly disrupted their clock.
c. Long periods of forced activity strongly disrupted the clock.
d. The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference.
d. The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference
The retinohypothalamic path to the SCN comes from a special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, called:
a. circaopsin.
b. photopsin
c. rodopsin.
d. melanopsin.
d. melanopsin
The retinohypothalamic path extends directly from the:
a. SCN to the hypothalamus.
b. retina to the SCN.
c. hypothalamus to the SCN.
d. retina to the cortex.
b. retina to the SCN
The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.
a. androgen
b. melanopsin
c. melatonin
d. Estrogen
c. melatonin
After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically:
a. returns immediately to stage 1.
b. enters REM.
c. cycles back through stages 3 and 2.
d. wakes up.
c. cycles back through stages 3 and 2
After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal:
a. stops sleeping.
b. sleeps a normal amount per day, but lacks REM sleep.
c. enters a prolonged state of sleep.
d. alternates rapidly between sleep and wakefulness.
c. enters a prolonged state of sleep
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.
a. reticular formation
b. tectum
c. tegmentum
d. thalamus
a. reticular formation
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have:
a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep.
b. prolonged wakefulness.
c. prolonged NREM sleep.
d. enhanced dreaming.
a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of narcolepsy?
a. Attacks of sleepiness during the day
b. Attacks of muscle weakness during the day
c. Involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep
d. Dreamlike experiences that are hard to distinguish from reality
c. Involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep
What does cataplexy involve?
a. Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality
b. An attack of muscle weakness while awake
c. A lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep
d. Repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep
b. An attack of muscle weakness while awake
Which of the following claims would be made by the evolutionary perspective of sleep?
a. The function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation.
b. More highly evolved species, such as humans, need more sleep than other species.
c. During sleep, we relive the experiences of past generations.
d. Sleep enables the body to repair and restore itself to promote survival.
a. The function of sleep is similar to that of hiberation
Note 
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