properties of organic molecules (new material)

primary carbon

• 1^o

• carbon that is bonded to only one other carbon

secondary carbon

• 2^o

• carbon that is bonded to two other carbons

tertiary carbon

• 3^o

• carbon bonded to three other carbons

classification of alkyl halides

• number of alkyl groups attached to carbon with halogen bonded to it determines whether alkyl halide is primary, secondary or tertiary

classification

number of alkyl groups attached to carbon to which OH group is attached determines whether alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary

classification of amines

number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen determines whether an amine is primary, secondary, or tertiary

boiling of points of alkanes

• boiling points increase with increasing molecular weight within a homologous series of alkanes

• branches decrease area of contract between molecules, so more branches = lower boiling point

boiling point and alcohol

• have higher boiling points than alkanes or ethers or comparable molecular weight

• need to break london dispersion, dipole dipole and hydrogen bonds

amines and boiling point

• primary and secondary amines also form hydrogen bonds

• these will have higher boiling points than alkanes with similar molecular weights

melting points of alkanes

• temperature at which a solid is converted into a liquid

• increase in mp is not as regular as increase in bp because of packing

• packing: property that determines how well the individual molecules in a solid fit together in a crystal lattice

• melting point increase with increasing molecular weight within a homologous series of alkanes

solubility

• like dissolves like

• polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents

• nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents

• molecules with similar intermolecular forces will mix freely

• water is the universal solvent

organic compound solubility

• most organic molecules are usually soluble in organic solvents (organic molecule must contain C and H)

• some organic molecules soluble in water → indicates high ratio of polar groups to carbon chain

size and symmetry of function groups

add after lesson