Apush chaper 2 vocab

John Cabot

Italian explorer who claimed parts of North America for England in 1497.

Joint-stock company

Business where investors pool money to fund colonies, sharing profits and risks.

Act of Toleration

1649 Maryland law granting religious freedom to Christians.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; advocated separation of church and state

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged church authority in Massachusetts.

Halfway covenant (2.3)

1630s church policy allowing partial church membership for grandchildren of Puritans

Quakers (2.3)

Religious group promoting equality, pacifism, and inner lightthat emerged in England during the 17th century. Quakers believed in direct communion with God and rejected formal sermons and rituals.

William Penn (2.3)

Founder of Pennsylvania, a colony based on religious tolerance.

He was a Quaker and advocate for democratic principles, promoting fair treatment of Native Americans.

Holy Experiment

William Penn’s plan for Pennsylvania as a haven of religious freedom.This experiment aimed to attract diverse religious groups and establish a society based on peace and harmony.

Charter of Liberties 1701

Pennsylvania’s constitution guaranteeing freedoms and representative governmentto its inhabitants, promoting civil liberties and legislative power for the colonists.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. It served as a base for further colonial expansion and was known for its tobacco cultivation.

Captain John Smith

Leader who helped Jamestown survive by enforcing work and trade with natives.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia, making colony profitable

Plymouth Colony

1620 settlement founded by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom

Separatists

Puritans who wanted to break from the Church of England entirely

Pilgrims

Separatists who traveled to America on the Mayflower for religious freedom.

Mayflower

Ship carrying Pilgrims to Plymouth in 1620.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan colony founded in 1630 focused on religious community.

Puritans

English Protestants wanting to "purify" the Church of England.

John Winthrop

First governor of Massachusetts Bay; envisioned “city upon a hill”

Great Migration (2.3)

Large movement of Puritans to Massachusetts in 1630s.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (2.3)

1639 document establishing representative government in Connecticut.

Virginia House of Burgesses (2.3)

First representative assembly in colonial America (1619).

Mayflower Compact (2.3)

1620 agreement for self-government by Pilgrims at Plymouth

Corporate colonies (2.3)

Colonies owned by joint-stock companies for profit.

Royal colonies (2.3)

Colonies directly controlled by the English crown.

Proprietary colonies (2.3)

Colonies owned by individuals granted charters by the crown.

Virginia Company (2.3)

Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown.

Chesapeake colonies (2.3)

Virginia and Maryland; tobacco-based economy and plantation system.

Triangular trade (2.4)

Trade route linking Europe, Africa, and America exchanging goods and slaves.

Mercantilism (2.4)

Economic policy emphasizing exports and colonies to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts (2.4)

Laws restricting colonial trade to benefit England.

Dominion of New England (2.4)

1686 English attempt to unify New England colonies under royal control.

King Philip's War (2.5)

1675 conflict between New England settlers and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip).

Sir William Berkley (2.5)

Governor of Virginia known for favoritism leading to Bacon's Rebellion.

Bacon’s Rebellion (2.5)

1676 uprising of Virginia settlers against governor over Native policies

New England Confederation (2.5)

1643 military alliance of New England colonies for defense.

Indentured servants (2.6)

Laborers who worked for a set time in exchange for passage to America.

Headright system (2.6)

Land grant system encouraging settlement by giving land to settlers.

Middle Passage (2.6)

Voyage transporting African slaves to the Americas.

Great Awakening (2.7)

Religious revival in colonies emphasizing emotion and personal faith.

Sectarian (2.7)

Denominations focused on distinct religious doctrines.

Subsistence farming (2.7)

Farming to feed one’s family with little surplus.

Hereditary aristocracy (2.7)

Society where power and wealth are inherited.

John Peter Zenger (2.7)

Journalist whose trial advanced freedom of the press.

Enlightenment (2.7)

18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason and science.

Town meetings (2.7)

Local self-government gatherings in New England.