Growth & development infants to adolescence

Infant weight

double birth weight by 6 months & triple by a year(12 months)

Newborn primitive reflexes

moro, root, suck, asymmetric tonic neck, plantar, palmar grasp, babinski

Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 yr)

caregivers should respond to basic needs like feeding, changing diapers, holding the baby

Piaget’s: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)

uses senses & motor skills to learn about the world; ex: breast/nipple start sucking

Cephalocaudal

gross motor develops into this; head to toe

Proximodist

fine motor develops into this; center to distal

6 months (gross motor skills)

rolls prone to supine, tripod sits, when prone uses arms

9 months (gross motor skill)

sits unsupported, gets to sitting on own

12 months (gross motor skill)

pulls to stand “cruises” 1 yr of age

4 months (fine motor skill)

bats at objects, holds toy, brings hand to mouth

6 months (fine motor skill)

reaches for desired item

12 months (fine motor skill)

fine pincer grasp

Warning signs indicating problems with sensory development (infant)

not responding to loud noises, not focus on a near object, not making sounds or babble or turn to locate sound by 4 months of age, still crossing eyes at age 6 months

What is still crossing eyes at age 6 months r/t?

muscle weakness 

Warning signs indicating problems with lanaguge (infants)

not making sounds at 4 months of age, not laughing or squeal by 6 months of age, not babbling by 8 months, not using single words with meaning at 12 months of age (mama,dada)

Stranger anxiety

infant recognizes self as separate from others; ex: santa clause, good sign if developed trust 

Separation anxiety

infants becomes distressed when parent leaves; good sign

Temperament

ranges from low to moderately active, regular, & predictable, to highly active, more intense, & less adaptable

Promoting safety/growth and development in infants

dont want to leave baby unattended in the vehicle, a crib with a firm mattress, well fitting crib sheets, never leave unattended on any surface

Promoting healthy sleep and rest in infants

place baby on their back to sleep to decrease SIDS, no pillows or stuff animals, blankets in the cribs and eliminate smoking in the house.

Colic

inconsolable crying lasts 3 or more hrs- r/t problems in GI or neuro, temperament or parenting style

Strategies for Colic

responds well to movement such as car, swing, vibration, white noise, or swaddling, walking with baby- simethicone to help 

Spitting up

overfed or gas 

interventions for spitting up

burp with feeding, elevate HOB or keep baby upright, if the baby chokes when vomiting or forceful emesis= seek medical attention

Thumb sucking, pacifiers, security items

they call it non-nutritive sucking; self-soothers

Teething

cold teething ring, ice cube in washcloth

Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt ( 1-3 yrs toddler)

wants self mastery, need to assert themselves, they can do things for themselves if not supported they develop shame and doubt, emotional lability, answering no when they mean yes

Piaget: Sensorimotor up to 24 months

toddler uses their senses and motor skills to explore and learn about the world, they are able to experiment with a behavior to see what happens

Piaget Preoperational toddler 2-7yrs

more symbolic thoughts, objects begin to have characteristics making them unique from one another 

Gross motor skills of toddler

“body” include running, climbing, jumping, pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball & pedaling a tricycle- standing alone, walking

Fine motor skills of toddler

“hand coordination” progress from holding& pinching to ability to manage utensils- to feed themselves, hold a crayon, string a bead, & use a computer

Receptive language

ability to understand what is being said or asked

Expressive language development

ability to communicate desires and feelings

Echolalia

repetition of words & phrase without understanding

Telegraphic speech

speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across. “go now”

Socializing in toddler

egocentric, do not like to share

Parallel play

playing alongside another child

Promoting safety in toddlers

plug in electrical sockets, stay with them while bathing, avoid exposure to smoke, everyone should eat at one 

Toilet teaching

is the child ready? must walk for at least a year! child needs to be ready should not cause anxiety or be forced into it

Negativism

seen as they exert autonomy, No to everything 

Temper tantrum

terrible twos and then also closer to 3- natural result of frustration- need time& maturity to learn rules & regulations fatigue &hunger exacerbate important of role-modeling appropriate behavior 

Physical development 3-6

grow 2.5 inches to 3 inches, gain 4-5 pounds per year; rapid muscle growth 

Gross Motor skills 3yrs

pedal a tricycle

Fine motor skills 3 yrs

hold a pencil in the writing position

gross motor 4 yrs

they can hop on one foot

fine motor 4 yrs old

draw circles and squares

gross motor skill 5yrs old

stands on one foot 10 seconds or longer

fine motor skill 5 yrs old

can learn to tie their shoelaces

Erikson’s initiative vs guilt 3-6yrs

taking initiative by having them perform simple tasks

Piaget: preoperational 2-7 yrs

self-centered, egocentric- thinks world revolves around them, magical thinking, imaginary friends

Magical thinking

believes thoughts are all powerful

Imaginary friend

creative way to sample activities & behaviors & practice conversation skills

Transduction

extrapolates from one situation to another

example of transduction

package gets delivered and its raining outside; preschooler will think now it has to be raining for packages to be delivered 

Animism

attributes life like qualities to inanimate objects; giving a doll the ability to think

communication skills for 4yrs old

follows a 3-part command; take your shoes, go upstairs, get another pair of shoes, vocab of 1,500 words 

communication skills for 5 yrs old

talks about past, future, and imaginary events; i went to the moon, vocab of 2,100 words

concerns for developmental delay 4yrs old 

cannot ride a tricycle, can not use the words me and you, cannot hold a crayon 

concerns for developmental delay 5 yrs old

little to no interest in playing with other children, cant build a tower, easily distracted cant concentrate

Physical growth of school age child 6-12

grow 2.5 inches per year, height increases by a least 1 foot, gain 7 pounds, secondary sexual signs appear

fine motor of school age child

hand usage improves, eye-hand coordination & balance improve, can write, print words, sew, or build models. takes pride in activities requiring dexterity- playing musical instruments 

Erikson- industry vs inferiority (6-12 yrs) school age

interested in how things are made, if expectations too high or unmet thats how inferiority starts

Piaget- concrete operational thoughts 6-12

learns by manipulating objects, no abstract thinking, understands time, not so self-centered anymore, glasses being half full

Cardiovascular of school-age child

gross motor skills increase such as jumping rope, exercise great emotional release, ride two wheel bike 

safety issues for the school-age child

very prone to injury

physical growth and development (adolescent)

dramatic changes in body size & proportion- sexual signs & reproductive maturity 

Puberty

girls 9 to 10 and boys 10-11

Boys physical changes in adolescence

voice changes, cecum develops acne

Erikson- identity vs role confusion 11-20 (adolescence)

focus is on body changes; importance of peer culture become primary

Piaget- formal operation (11-20) adolescence

moves toward greater abstract thinking and less egocentricity; philosophical thinking, more interested in the world than themsleves.

Safety concerns for adolescence

unintentional injuries, alot of MVC- r/t texting, no seatbelt, impaired driving, gun safety especially at home, swimming lessons