BIO 4Q Group Quiz

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angiosperms

flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

vascular plants

have tissues (xylem and phloem) tissues made of cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

non-vascular plants

no vascular tissues consisting of xylem and phloem

Dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves (2 cotyledons)

monocot

An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf (one cotyledon)

Monocot vs Dicot

• Monocotyledons (Monocots):

  • Seed with one cotyledon

  • Parallel leaf venation

  • Floral parts in multiples of three

  • Fibrous root system

  • Scattered vascular bundles in stem

• Dicotyledons (Dicots):

  • Seed with two cotyledons

  • Netted leaf venation

  • Floral parts in multiples of four or five

  • Taproot system

  • Ringed vascular bundles in stem

cotyledon

• first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

• used to store food in a seed

parts of a plant

Shoot System and Root System

Parts of the shoot system

vegetative organs

• Leaves: Main photosynthetic organs

• Stems: Support, transport, and storage

• Roots: Anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients

• Nodes: Points where leaves, branches, or flowers grow

• Internodes: Stem segments between nodes

reproductive organs

• Female reproductive organs: ovary, style, stigma

• Male reproductive organs: anther, filament

• Pollination: transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

• Fertilization: fusion of male and female gametes

• Seed development: ovule becomes seed after fertilization

Shoot system

positive phototaxis - positive response to light

for:

1. photosynthesis

2. reproduction

3. storage

4. transport

5. hormones

Root system

positively geotactic - has a positive response to gravity

For:

1. anchorage

2. absorption

3. storage

4. transport

5. hormones

The root can undergo photosynthesis when

modified stem

A potato is

not a root crop

adventitious plant

Adventitious plants are those that grow from parts of the plant other than the seeds, such as roots, stems, or leaves.

ex. Balete - has a hole in the middle because thats where the host plant used to be

FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT

1. anchorage

2. absorbs and transports water and minerals

3. for food storage (products of photosynthesis)

Types of Roots

1. Tap root

2. Fibrous Root / Adventitious Root

Primary root

arising from germination

secondary root

arising from primary root or secondary root

Tap root

• has a distinct primary root

• It develops from radicle and made up of one main branch and other sub branches. The primary roots and its branches constitute tap root system. e.g. Dicot roots.

carrots

• dicots

• the edible part is the tap root

Fibrous Root / Adventitious Root

In some plants, after sometime of the growth of tap root which arises from radicle, stops and then roots, develop from other part of plant, which are branched or unbranched, fibrous or storage, are known as adventitious roots and constitute fibrous root system. e.g. Monocot roots.

Types of growth/germination

1. simpodial

2. monopodial

sympodial

a branching pattern where the main stem terminates in a flower or a bud, and growth continues from lateral branches. In this pattern, the main stem does not continue to elongate indefinitely.

monopodial

a growth pattern where the main stem continues to elongate, and lateral branches develop from axillary buds along the main stem. The main stem typically dominates the growth, and the plant tends to have a more upright or single-stemmed habit.

Organization of the root

root hair zone

its purpose is to increase surface area for water absorption

Maturation and differentiation zone

no more elongation in this zone

All plants can do primary growth but only some can undergo secondary growth

TRUE

primary growth

increase in length

secondary growth

increase in girth

how will you know if its the maturation zone / region?

the presence of root hairs

Meristem

are cells that keep actively dividing

meristematic zone

indeterminate growth (they can keep growing even when matured)

3 Primary Types of Meristems

1. protoderm

2. procambium

3. ground meristem

protoderm

• give rise to an outer row of cells

• produces the epidermis

procambium

• appears as a solid cylinder in the center of the root; produces primary vascular tissues

• produces primary xylem and phloem

ground meristem

• located inside of the protoderm; produces parenchyma cells of the ground tissue

• gives rise to cortex and pith (the innermost part of the plant body)

types of plant tissues

• Dermal

• Ground

• Vascular

Primary Tissues

1. epidermis and root hair

2. pericycle, primary xylem, primary phloem

3. endodermis, cortex, pith

types of ground tissues

in order of increasing cell wall strength:

1. parenchyma - living, thin walled

2. collenchyma - uneven in rigidity & strength

3. schlerenchyma - dead cells (not functional), all are thick-walled for rigidity, & strength of organs

collenchyma and sclerenchyma are often found together

DICOT VS MONOCOT ROOT

dicot

• 2 - 4 xylem arms

• no pith '

• w/ vascular cambium

monocot

• as many as 20 xylem arms

• pith

• no vascular cambium

plants can produce secondary xylem and phloem if

they have a vascular cambium

Vascular bundles

• connected by a cambium:

  1. intrafascicular cambium (inside vascular bundles)

  2. interfascicular cambium (between bundles)

when plant undergoes secondary growth

the primary xylem and phloem move outwards for the secondary xylem and phloem

bark is made up of

phloem

root diversity

1. adventitious roots / prop root

2. mycorrhizae - for association with fungi

3. root nodules - association with bacteria

ginger

• is a modified stem

• a rhizome

• its stripes are the nodules

STEM

located above ground, has more complex organization than roots

1. supports leaves, flowers, and fruit

2. conducts the products of photosynthesis

lenticel

• for transpiration

• allow gases to diffuse in and out of plant tissues

Parts of a woody stem

types of scars

• girdle scar

• lateral bud scale scar

• lateral bud scar

• leaf scars

Gas exchange structures

1. stomatal - stomata

2. lenticular - lenticel (stem)

3. cuticular - cuticle (root)

epidermis features

1. cuticle - waxy covering (to prevent water loss

2. stomata - opening

3. trichomes/hairs - prevent water loss (glandular trichomes - itchy, allergic reaction)

facilitate opening and closing of stoma

guard cells

wood is

• matured xylem

• composed of heartwood and sapwood

bark is

• mature phloem

• includes phloem, cork cambium, and cork cells

stem diversity

• tendril - a modified stem

• rhizomes (scale-like leaf at each node)

• bulbs (knob-like stem, fleshy leaves)

• tubers (tuber - sollen tip of leaf, each depression on a potato is a node)

• runners

• cladophyll (leaves - modified as spines)

The response of a tendril being touched is called

thigmonasty

thigmorphogenesis

represents an adaptive response by plants to mechanical stimuli in their environment

banana tree

no stem

leaves

solar energy collectors

dicot leaf vs monocot leaf

variations in leaf structures

1. presence of more than one layer of epidermis

2. presence of stomatal crypts (sunken stomate) w/ hair

3. development of bullate (bulliform - they cover exposed stoma) cells

glass cells

to defend against herbivores

TYpes of leaves

• palmately compound leaf (1 common point of attachment)

• pinnately compound leaf (most are even numbered)

• simple leaf (blade in one node)

rachis

extension of a petiole

small petiole

petiolule

phyllotaxy

arrangement of leaves around the stem

1. whorled

2. spiral (a modified alternate)

3. two-sided decussate - opposite

4. alternate

5. opposite

leaf modifications

1. food and water storage in scale leaves (onion)

2. thickened and fleshy leaves for water storage (jade plants)

3. insectivorous plants (ex. pitcher plant and sundew)

Parts of an onion

pitcher plant sci name

Sarracenia sp.

sundew

Drosera rotundifolia

CAM Plants

• close their stomata during the day and take up CO₂ at night

• Orchids, Cacti, euphorbias

C4 Plants

• maize and sugarcane