CLST 210 Test 4

in fables, animals act as ___ and convey ___

humans, moral lessons

what are modern day examples of animal fables

Tom & Jerry

Mickey Mouse

True or False: there were no known fable texts before the Greco-Roman period

true - fables were likely completely oral

(P) Satirical Papyrus in British Museum

1. what is this an example of

2. what is happening in this image

1. animals performing human tasks

2. animals playing board games, herding animals, butchering animals

(P) Limestone Ostrakon showing Mouse-lady waited on by Cat servant

another example of ancients portraying animals doing human tasks

briefly explain The Myth of the Solar Eye

Solar eye = Ra's divine power manifested as Bastet

When humanity rebels/falls into disorder Ra sends his eye to punish/destroy/restore order

In its most famous version the Eye becomes a raging goddess who nearly annihilates all of humanity before being calmed

Supposed to illustrate the destructiveness of the sun

who was Aesop

when did he live

what was his status

describe him physically

he was the author of fables

7th - 6th bce

slave status, later rose to master storyteller

he was mute, potbellied, misshapen head, snub-nosed, dwarfish, short-armed, squinty-eyed

what did the goddess Isis do for Aesop

she acknowledged his ugliness but praised his piety

she removed the defect that made him mute

she gave him the power to craft eloquent stories

what does Logopoios mean

fable-teller

what was Nicolaus' view on the language of fables

"The language should be very simple, straightforward, unassuming, and free of all subtlety and period expression, so that the meaning is absolutely clear and the words do not appear loftier than the actors, especially when they are animals."

Aristotle argued that creating fables requires ___

an ability to think philosophically and the ability to craft meaningful parallels between art and the real world

name 3 authors of fables who arent Aesop

Phaedrus

Babrius

Avianus

True or False: A tale can be "Aesopic" even if it wasn't authored by Aesop

true, as long as it follows the same structure/style of an Aesop fable

Fables were used as a method of expressing the opinions of ___

the oppressed

Many early fables were thought to be authored by Aesop when in reality they were written by

Hesiod

what ability does man posses that makes them powerful over animal

speech - the ability to indicate the advantageous vs the harmful, the right and wrong, among other moral qualities

Just arguments have no power on those who ___

want to do wrong, e.g., Aesop's The Wolf And The Lamb

what real-life story illustrates the message in Aesop's The Fisherman And His Pipe

Cyrus sent a message to the Ionians and Aiolians asking for their cooperation and they refused, when Cyrus and his army won over them, they were ready to obey

According to Aesop, the ___ was the first bird to be created, before Gaia (Earth) herself

crested lark

what happened to the lark's father

he died and since there was no earth there was nowhere to bury him

the lark buried him in its own head

according to Aristotle, which animals dont have a gall bladder

horse, mule, ass, roe, deer, camel

which fable demonstrated that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength

thirsty crow fable

when did Greeks stop dressing humans as animals in their comedies

4th c bce due to a change in Greek thinking

what does Komoidia mean

comedy

flip card and look at image

1. what is in this image

2. what does komos mean

1. Athenian red-figure amphora by Euthymides with a komos scene 510 BCE

2. dance at drinking parties

what are the dates for the following eras of comedy:

1. Old Comedy

2. Middle Comedy

3. New Comedy

1. 450 - 380 BCE

2. 380 - 320 BCE

3. 320 BCE onward

what topics was old comedy concerned with

political, economic, social, cultural life of the city

what 2 people developed a new style of comedy and what's different

Crates and Pherecrates - no more invective and less frequently associated with politics

how many of Aristophanes complete works are preserved

name a few

11

Birds, Peace, Wasps, Clouds, Frogs, Knights, etc

(P) Chorus performing a Dithyramb, attic vase 6th c. BCE

what does dithyramb mean

coral song in honour of the god Dionysus

what is the plot of Wasps

old man Love-Cleon has a passion for serving on juries

his son Loathe-Cleon arranges for his father to hold a "court" at home

Love-Cleon is healed from his passion and becomes an uproarious and boastful drunk

a chorus of wasps supports Love-Cleon

what is the plot of Birds

2 Athenians Good Hope and Trusty are fed up with the bureaucracy of Athens

They look for King Tereus to found a new city in the sky

They eat a magic root to turn them into birds

the city is called Cloud-Cuckoo-Land

Flip card and look at image

what is this

a scene from Aristophanes' Birds

what is the plot of Frogs

Dionysus (god of drama) is lamenting the low quality of tragedy in Athens after the death of Euripides

He diguises himself as the hero Herakles and goes to visit Hades to attempt to bring Euripides back to life

A poetic competition between Euripides and his predecessor convinces Dionysus to bring back the predecessor instead of Euripides

He leaves Euripides behind

what is the plot of Clouds

the method of education taught by sophists is under attack

many of the features of the education system are embodied in socrates (headmaster)

a debt-ridden man enrolls to learn how to argue so he can convince his creditors to clear his debt

he is too old to learn so he sends his son instead

his son learns how to justify beating his father

his father burns the school down

who is acheloos and how does he relate to the acheloos river

river-god who can shapeshift from serpent to bull to man-bull

the acheloos river is constantly changing shape due to the deposits of silt

who defeated acheloos

herakles

(P) Athenian red-figure vases depicting Herakles and Acheloos

according to sohpokles, amber is produced in ___

the countries past india from the tears that are shed for Meleager

who is pan? describe him phsyically

son of hermes, god of the shepherds

creature with horns and the bottom half of a goat

long beard, long unkempt hair

flip card and look at image

1. who is represented in this statue

2. who dedicated this statue to his native gods

3. why did he dedicate this statue to his native gods

1. aphrodite, pan, and eros from delos

2. dionysos of berytos (beirut)

3. for the benefit of himself and his children

how was helen of troy conveived

zeus transformed himself into a swan and raped Leda, the mortal queen of sparta

that same night leda was impregnated by her husband

leda gave birth to helen (cause of trojan war/odyssey)

(P) Athenian red-figure vase with the Myth of Zeus and Leda

(P) Limestone egg with Helen hatching out

what happened to gryllos

what does odysseus accuse him of and what is gryllos' response

gryllos was turned into a pig by circe

odysseus accuses him of losing his reason and ability to think now that he is an animal

gryllos explains that he isnt irrational/stupid, he has all the necessary skills for survival and lost of his knowledge/skills of frivolous things like art/philosophy

he claims that because of this animals are actually superior to humans

what happened with kronos and philyra

kronos was cheating on his wife with philyra, his wife rhea caught him so he transformed into a stallion and ran away

philyra later gave birth to the centaur chiron

gods who transform into animals usually give birth to ___

monstrous or animalistic offspring

what happened with poseidon and demeter

poseidon lusted after demeter

she transformed into a mare to escape him

he transformed into a stallion so he could rape her

demeter gave birth to despoina, goddess of fertility

what does teras mean

what god is described as a teras

monster

hermes (goat feet, horns)

plutarch argues that ___ and ___ are essentially the same god known under different names

these 2 gods share rituals, namely ___

these rituals resemble ___ processions with ___, ___, and ___

dionysos is often worshipped in ___

isis, osiris

the funeral of the sacred bull apis

dionysiac processions with animals skins, ritual shouting, and dancing

bull form

who are the minyades and what happened to them

3 sisters who refused to worship dionysos and mocked others who did

dionysos disguised himself and warned them about their choices

dionysos revealed himself with supernatural signs which drove the sisters mad

1 of the sisters sacrificed her own son

the other 2 fled to the mountains

hermes transformed them into a bat and 2 owls, all nocturnal animals as punishment for rejecting dionysiac worship

(P) Bronze and Silver bust of Dionysos with bull horns

who is Halios Geron

Old Man of the Sea

took the form of multiple sea gods, most notably Proteus

Proteus knew the depths of every sea and was a servant to Poseidon

who saved Peleus

chiron

1. who does peleus marry

2. how does he marry her

3. what gods wanted to marry thetis? why didn't they?

4. what did these gods do at peleus and thetis' wedding

1. Thetis

2. he overcame deadly trials involving beasts and fire

3. zeus and poseidon, they heard a prophecy that thetis' son would be more powerful than his father

4. they attended and gave Peleus divine gifts: chiron's spear of ash and 2 of poseidon's immortal horses

(p) Athenian black-figure amphora with Peleus and Thetus

how was chiron involved in the trojan war

he was not a direct combatant but he trained key figures (achilles) and provided them with weapons and medical knowledge

flip card and look at image

1. what is the name of this scene

2. who is represented

1. colossal group at lykosoura

2. demter and despoina are sitting in the middle, demeter's hand on despoina's shoulder. artemis is on the left with a dog at her feet and a snake around her arm, anytos on the right

who is Glaukos

a fisherman who ate grass and turned into a sea deity

he can tell the future

what does Oistros mean

gadfly

in greek poetry, oistros also means 'sting of passion' or 'madness'

who is Io

woman whose body and mind were suddenly transformed

horns growing out her forehead

driven mad by biting gadfly

who is tiresias

man who messed with some snakes and now is able to change genders

what does arktoi mean

she-bears

in the iliad there is an avoidance of ___, however it is mentioned numerous times in odyssey

metamorphosis into animal

in which aristophanes story do members of a jury transform into animals

wasps

many collections about metamorphoses were created in the ___ period

hellenistic

in Apuleius Metamorphosis, Lucius is turned into the ___ by isis (accidentally) and is then turned back into a human

golden ass

presocratic philosophy did not believe in differentiating ___ and ___ because all things proceed from ___ and are resolved again into ___

man and animal

unity, unity

unity between humans and animals implies ___ when humans eat animals

cannabalism

everything is produced with ___

a mixture of the same 4 elements and same 2 forces

followers of ___ and ___ declared a community between man, god, and animal

pythagoras, empedokles

pythagoras forbade killing and eating of animals because ___

he believed that every living creature had a soul

the actions that a man or animal takes in his life will influence how he will be reincarnated in the next life

what would a pythagoras sacrifice include

cookies and cakes and grain

anaxagoras believed the possession of ___ is what made humans the most intellectual/superior animal

hands

according to the sophists, humans are ___ to animals

superior

who provides animals with wings, speed, claws, fur

epimetheus

socrates argues that ___ exist for human benefit

animals

___ argued that all animals have quite developed mental capacities

aristotle

stoics believed that animal behaviour was ____

entirely dictated by nature

animals are kata phusin. what does kata phusin mean

in accordance with nature

what does para phusin mean

in contrary to nature

epicurians denied ___

reason from all non-human speices