Bio 206 Big Exam 1 (set 2)

Metabolites

anything used or made by plant/during photosynthesis, “fuel” in biosphere

Mobile nutrients

N, P, K, or magnesium, easily transported from older to younger leaves

Immobile nutrients

iron or calcium, stay in older leaves often 

1. Deficiency hurts younger leaves first 

Soil

inorganic and organic particles 

1. Clay, sand, organic matter, organisms 

2. Provide oxygen, water nutrients, and anchoring 

leaching

The loss of nutrients via the movement of water through soil is called

Cation exchange

when protons or other soluble cations bind to neg charged particles and and cause other bound cations to be released

voltage

separation of charge

symbiotic

living in close physical association.

mutualistic

mutually beneficial

Managing toxins once they are inside cells

1. small proteins called metallothioneins, and short peptides called phytochelatins 

2. These macromolecules bind to metal ions and prevent them from acting as a poison

Nitrogen fixation

1. absorbing N2 from atmosphere and converting it to ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites (usable for plants)

2. requires a series of specialized enzymes (nitrogenase) and cofactors, energy intensive process

Parasites

1. live in close physical contact with another species and lower their fitness 

Saprophytic

dissolve dead material

Primary metabolites vs secondary

Form primary carbon skeleton that you can build

• made by all plants, needed for growth and development

vs

• not required but can help with fitness/defense 

macronutrients

need a lot of it, form macromolecules, primary metabolites 

• Nitrogen (plants can take in nitrate or ammonium ions, 1.5%), potassium (1%), calcium (.5%), magnesium (.2%), phosphorus (.2%), sulfur (.1%)

micronutrients

still needed for life but need smaller quantities, form cofactors, coenzymes 

• Chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, nickel, molybdenum (all under 0.01%) 

Source of protons in plant roots

• 1) from the release/diffusion of CO2 into the soil (out of the root) which creates carbonic acid. 2) the proton pumps move protons out into the soil. 

Symplast

• : simple route for moving into cell, past the cell wall 

  • Via Plasmodesmata which interconnects cell to form continuous network of cytoplasms 

Apoplast

• Via porous cell walls 

• Material moved outside the cell wall 

chlorosis

yellowing of the leaves, insufficient chlorophyll

Hormone

• chemical signal, circulates through body fluids and affects distant target cells. Target cells are receptors for specific chemicals 

• The signals affect a response (e.g. muscle contraction or stimulate the release of digestive enzymes) 

Mucous cells

• closer to stomach lining, secrete mucus. The pressure from entering the stomach stimulates gastrin hormone release

Chief cells

• secrete inactive form of enzyme pepsinogen, which is activated by the low pH to form pepsin

Endocrine system

• produce hormones, system of glands and organs that secrete chemical signal into blood stream

Hormones controlling digestion

• Food in stomach stimulated release of hormone gastrin from stomach mucosal cells 

• gastrin stimulates secretion of HCl and Pepsin and increases stomach motility (contractions)

• food moved into small intestine causes release of cholecystokinin and secretin from intestinal mucosa

• neutralizes stomach acid in SI and inhibit stomach motility

cholecystokinin: release of bile salts from gallbladder and digestive enzymes from pancreas

secretin: release bicarbonate solution from pancreas neutralizing acid

Glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide (=many glucose monomers) 

• Stored in liver and muscles

Hormones synthesized in pancreas for glucose control

• Insulin: promotes conversion of glucose into glycogen 

• Glucagon: stimulates liver to break down glycogen and release of glucose into the blood stream

Nutrient Deficiencies from Experiment

Magnesium: Chlorosis between leaf veins; premature leaf drop

Phosphorus: Stunted growth in young plants; dark

green leaves with necrosis

Nitrogen: Failure to thrive; chlorosis (yellowing of old leaves)

Potassium: Chlorosis at margins of leaves or in mottled pattern ; weak stems; short internodes

Sulfur: Stunted growth; chlorosis