AP Bio Unit 1 Review

organic chemistry

the study of carbon compounds

hydrocarbon

organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

isomer

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

structural isomer

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

cis-trans/geometric isomer

compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond

enantiomer

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.

functional group

group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

hydroxyl

OH, -OH, Alcohol, ex. ethanol, polar, hydrophylic

carbonyl

-CO

aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

ketone

when the carbonyl group is in the center of the skeleton

carboxyl

COOH, acid

amino

NH2, base

sulfhydryl

SH

phosphate

PO4

polymer

Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

monomer

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

a chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its bond

carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

monosaccharide

a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

disaccharide

A sugar formed from two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

starch

polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

cellulose

a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls

chitin

complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

lipid

Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

fat

organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids

saturated fat

a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; tend to be solid at room temperature; found in animals

unsaturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; tend to be oily liquids at room temperature; found in plants

steroid

a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached

cholesterol

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes

polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

amino acid

organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group, 20 common amino acids

peptide

the kind of bond formed when two amino acid units are jointed end to end