P.E.E Lesson 6

Community

It is an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction.

species richness, number of species they contain, and relative abundance of different species

What does communities differ in their?

Community

A group or association of population of two or more species occupying the some geographical at the same time.

Community

A population of different species or organism

Competition (-/-), Predation (+/-), Mutualism (+/+), and Commensalism (+/o)

What are the different types of interactions of communities?

Competition

It can occur when resources are limited.

Interspecific Competition

A form of competition in which of different species complete for the some resources in an ecosystem.

Ecological niche

the “role” a species “plays” in the ecosystem

Ecological Niche Concept

An organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

Habitat

The place where an organism lives which niche is that organism role within the environment

impacts the organism(habitat) and impacts the environment(niche)

What does habitat and niche focuses the impact on?

Species’ habitat

Area and resources used by a particular species

Abiotic interaction

It refers to patterns such as climate and seasonality

Water, Sunlight, Oxygen, Soil, and Temperature

Give the five basic abiotic factor

Competative Exclusion Principle

No two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time and wherein 2 species compete for the same limited resources.

Extinction of one species, Resource partitioning, and Character displacement

Give the 3 possible outcomes of competition

Extinction of one species

It is the disappearance of a species from earth or decline in both of species

Resource partitioning

It is where the species competing for the same resource

Character displacement

Two similar species evolve in such a way as to become different from each other by accentuating their initial minor differences.

Parasitism

It is when predators live on/in a host and depend on the host for nutrition

Offset oscillations in the population sizes of the predator and prey and Coevolution of predator and prey

Give the Outcomes of Predator-Prey Interactions

Cryptic coloration

What does camouflage includes as a deceptive markings?

odors and toxins

What does chemical defenses include?

Aposematic coloration

It is indicated by warning colors and is sometimes associated with other defenses.

Mimicry

It is when organisms resemble other species

Batesian mimicry(monarch and viceroy)

An example of a mimicry wherein a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Müllerian mimicry (cuckoo bee and yellow jacket)

It is where two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

Hawaiian cleaner wrasse

What does a blenny(*Aspidontus taeniatus*) mimics?

Potter’s angel

What does a shortnose wrasse mimic which sports a defensive spine?

Parasite

It derives nourishment from a host, which is harmed in the process.

Endoparasites(live inside the host) and Ectoparasites(live on the surface of the host)

Give the examples of parasites and where they live.

Parasitoidism

It is a special type of parasitism where the parasite eventually kills the host.

Pathogens

They are disease-causing organisms that can be considered predators

Mutualism

It is where two species benefit from their interaction.

Commensalism

It is where one species benefits from the interaction, but the other is not affected

Coevolution

It refers to reciprocal evolutionary adaptions of two interacting species

Trophic Structure

The _________________ of a community is determined by the feeding relationships between organisms.

Food chain

The transfer of food energy from its source in photosynthetic organisms through herbivores and carnivores.

Food Chains

Artificial devices to illustrate energy flow from ine tropic level to another.

Tropic Levels

Groups of organisms that obtain their energy in a similar manner

Secondary Production

The total amount of biomass produced in all higher tropic levels

Ecological Mystery

It is a scientific investigation and a mystery combined into exiting story.

An unknown ecological problem

Who plays the role of villain in a ecological mystery that is harming a species?

Keystone species (Starfish and Elephants)

A species whose presence in the community exerts a significant influence on the structure of that community.

Long-term study of sea otter populations along the Aleutians and Western Alaska

Give the example given in the ppt about an Ecological Mystery

Ecological Succession

The progressive change in the species composition of an ecosystem

Ecological Succession

The process by which the mix species and habitat in an area changes over a time.

New Bare Substrate, Colonizing Stage, Successionist Stage, and Climax Stage

Give the process of ecological succession

Primary Bare Substrate

Focus when new land is formed on bare rock is exposed (Ex: take place following the eruption and volcano)

Colonizing Stage

The setting of pioneer community marks the start of colonizing phase of primary succession (Ex: lichen, algae, and fungi)

Anthropogenic disturbance and Natural disturbance

Ecological succession in terrestrial and marine ecosystem result from both human caused ____________________.

Succession Stage

Biological community develop and is when long term progression of biological communities that occurs in a given area

Climax Stage

The one that reached the stable stage

Climax community

With the end stage being called the climax and the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in this ecosystem are called __________________.

Parameters in logistic growth equation

What does r & K refer to?

Pioneer species

1st species to colonize a newly disturbed area.

high reproductive output, high growth rate, short life span, and low competitive ability

Give the r selected characteristics

low reproductive output, higher maternal investment per offspring, high competitive ability, long life span, and slow growth rate.

Give K selected characteristics

Insect, weeds, small body size, and jelly fish

Give the examples of r-selected

Birds, elephants, horse, and humans

Give the example of K selected