Microbiology: Chapter 24, Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

nose, pharynx, middle ear, eustachian tubes

what are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli, ciliary escalator

what are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

alveoli

what are the endpoint of the respiratory system (where oxygen is exchanged)?

alveolar macrophages

what destroy microorganisms in the lungs?

THAT SHIT STERILE

what pathogens are in the lower respiratory system?

upper respiratory system

where are most of the invading pathogens trapped?

staphylococci, diphtheroids, candida, non-hemolytic streptococci, neisseria

what are the common colonizers of the upper respiratory track?

pharyngitis, sore throat

inflammation of the pharynx? what does it cause?

laryngitis, hoarse voice, loss of voice

inflammation of the larynx (voice box)? what does it cause?

tonsilitis, painful swallowing

inflammation of the tonsils? what does it cause?

sinusitis, congestion and pain of the sinuses

inflammation of the sinuses? what does it cause?

epiglottitis, severe sore throat, painful swallowing, difficulty breathing, stridor, fever

inflammation of the epiglottis? what does it cause?

epiglottitis

what is the most life-threatening disease of the upper respiratory system?

stridor

high pitched sound due to narrowing of airway

haemophilus influenzae

what bacteria is epiglottitis almost exclusively caused by?

streptococcal pharyngitis

what is strep throat ?

GAS streptococcus pyogenes

what bacteria is streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) caused by?

rapid antigen detection tests

how is strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) diagnosed?

local inflammation, fever, tonsilitis, enlarged lymph nodes, white patches at back of throat

what are the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)?

scarlet fever

what can strep throat lead to if it is left untreated and severe

rheumatic fever

what can scarlet fever lead to if it is left untreated?

bright red bumpy rash

in scarlet fever, the toxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes leaves what symptom?

corynebacterium diptheriae

what bacteria causes diphtheria?

diphtheria

thick grayish membrane covers the back of the throat/tongue + fever and swollen glands, this can obstruct breathing and cause suffocation

potent exotoxin

what does corynebacterium produce that circulated in the blood; can damage the heart and kidneys?

damage to the heart and kidneys

what symptoms does corynebacterium diphtheriae’s exotoxin produce when it circulates in the blood?

DTaP vaccine

what vaccine prevents diphtheria?

diphtheria toxoid

what is the DTaP vaccine formulated with?

rhinovirus 30-50%, coronavirus 10-15%, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

what are the 3 most common cold causing viruses? and how much percentage of common colds do they cause?

rhinovirus, 30-50%

what is the most common cold causing virus? how much percentage of colds does it cause?

fever

which out of these symptoms are not usually found in the common cold?

sneezing, nasal secretion, fever, congestion, layngitis, otitis media

common cold is usually caused by virus, antibiotics heal bacterial infections

why do antibiotics not help common colds get better?

bacterial cold is worse

which is worse, a bacteria cold or a viral cold?

pneumonia

inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli), causing WBCs to accumulate, fills sacs with fluid/pus/bacteria/WBCs

cough that produces thick blood-tinged or yellow/green-ish sputum

what is a classic sign of pneumonia?

bordetella pertussis, pertussis

what bacteria causes the whooping cough? what is another name for the whooping cough?

babies, death

who is pertussis (whooping cough) more serious in? what can it lead to?

pertussis (whooping cough)

disease that paralyzes the cilia and causes inflammation that interferes with clearing of respiratory secretions

ciliary escalator

what is tasked with clearing respiratory secretions?

DTaP vaccine

what vaccine prevents pertussis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

what bacteria causes tuberculosis?

acid-fast rod; obligate aerobe

describe the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria?

slow

is tuberculosis a fast growing disease or a slow growing disease?

1/3

what fraction of the world population has latent TB?

mycolic acids

what in the cell walls of mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulate an inflammatory response and make it resistant to drying and antimicrobials?

ghon’s complexes and granuloma

what are healed and calcified tubercles called?

military tuberculosis

what is a disseminated (spread throughout body) infection or tuberculosis?

PPD test

how is tuberculosis diagnosed?

long antibiotic treatment course

how is tuberculosis treated?

multi drug resistant strains

resistant to first-line drugs

extensively drug resistant strains

resistant to second line drugs

viral pneumonia

what occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox

SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS)

severe acute respiratory syndrome, can result in respiratory failure, death

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

virus reported in Saudi-Arabia in 2012

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)

most common viral respiratory disease in infants and cause of life-threatening pneumonia in older adults

serological test for viruses and antibodies

how is respiratory syncytial virus diagnosed?

palivizumab

how is respiratory syncytial virus treated?

almost all children

how many children are infected with respiratory syncytial virus by age 2?

2

by what age are almost all children infected with respiratory syncytial virus?

influenzavirus

what virus causes influenza (flu)?

no

does influenza come with any intestinal symptoms?

scientists have to predict which strain is going to be circulating the most

how is the flu vaccine chosen for the year?

multivalent vaccine for the most important strains predicted to be circulating

what kind of vaccine is the influenza vaccine?

hemagglutinin (HA) spikes

what part of the influenzavirus recognizes and attaches to host cells?

Neuraminidase (NA) spikes

what part of the influenzavirus helps the virus separate from the infected cell?

antigenic drift

what is a minor antigenic change in the HA (hemagglutinin spikes) and NA (neuraminidase spikes)that allow the virus to elude some host immunity

antigenic shifts

what in the influenzavirus causes changes great enough to evade most immunity, leads to pandemics, involve the reassortment of the eight RNA segments