Geology 1100 Chris Parsons exam 3
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only areas near to a volcano can be affected by volcanic winter
3 multiple choice options
which of these statements about volcanic winter is FALSE?
high magnitude events occur less frequently than low magnitude events
3 multiple choice options
for both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, what is the relationship between magnitude and frequency?
mafic
3 multiple choice options
shield volcanos, like those in Hawaii, form as a result of what kind of volcanism?
a caldera
3 multiple choice options
what is formed when a volcano collapses into its empty magma chamber?
a very hot current pf ash, rock, and gas
3 multiple choice options
which of these best describes a pyroclastic flow?
on the overriding plate
3 multiple choice options
At a subduction zone, where do volcanos form?
decreases
2 multiple choice options
increasing temperature ____________ magma viscosity
decreases
2 multiple choice options
addition of volatiles ___________ magma viscosity
increases
2 multiple choice options
Increasing silica content ___________ magma viscosity
stratovolcanoes
2 multiple choice options
of these volcanos, which causes the highest magnitude eruptions?
subduction zone
2 multiple choice options
What kind of tectonic environment can cause a "deep-focus" earthquake?
P-waves
What is the fastest speed velocity seismic wave?
S-waves
What is the middle speed velocity seismic wave?
surface waves
What is the slowest speed velocity seismic wave?
Surface waves
3 multiple choice options
What type of seismic waves generated by earthquakes cause the most damage to people and property?
measure the delay between receiving P-waves and S-waves
3 multiple choice options
We detect an earthquakes at our seismic monitoring station. If we have no other knowledge about this earthquake, how can we determine its distance from us?
Calcite
2 multiple choice options
What is the main mineral in a limestone?
1. Weathering & Erosion
2. Transport
3. Deposition
4. Burial & Lithification
3 multiple choice options
Order the steps in the formation of a sedimentary rock
olivine
3 multiple choice options
Based on your knowledge of the Goldich Dissolution Series, which of these minerals is most susceptible to chemical weathering?
limestone
3 multiple choice options
Which of these rocks is most likely to develop Karst topography?
silt and clay
3 multiple choice options
shale is a mudstone, meaning it contains a mix of grains of what two sizes?
river rapids
3 multiple choice options
which of these depositional environments is most likely to contain gravel-sized (large) sediment grains?
grain roundess
3 multiple choice options
What is the key difference between a conglomerate and a breccia?
quartz grains
2 multiple choice options
sandstone can be made up of a variety of clasts, but the three most common clasts are quartz grains, feldspar grains, and lithic fragments. However, a heavily-weathered, or "mature", sandstone is almost entirely made of:
oxidation
3 multiple choice options
which of these is NOT a type of mechanical weathering?
carbonate (top) - shale (middle) - sandstone (bottom)
3 multiple choice options
which of these vertical successions of strata is most indicative of a sea level transgression?
rapid burial
3 multiple choice options
Which of these would NOT increase the rate at which a rock unit is chemically weathered?
foliation
which if these features is NOT predominantly associated with sedimentary rocks?
muscovite
3 multiple choice options
schist is usually very shinny, which of these index minerals can make schist shiny?
high pressure, low temperature
3 multiple choice options
In a subduction zone, what kind of metamorphism is the subducting slab likely to experience? (when compared to a standard geothermal gradient)
smaller, finer
2 multiple choice options
based on its metamorphic grade, you can expect phyllite to have __________ grains and __________ foliation when compared to gneiss
1. slate
2. phyllite
3. schist
4. gneiss
3 multiple choice options
rank these metamorphic ricks from lowest-highest grade
sandstone
3 multiple choice options
match the quartzite metamorphic rock to its most likely protoliths
limestone
3 multiple choice options
match the marble metamorphic rock to its most likely protoliths
basalt
3 multiple choice options
match the blue schist metamorphic rock to its most likely protoliths
has a wide range of possible
3 multiple choice options
match the hornfels metamorphic rock to its most likely protoliths
staurolite
3 multiple choice options
which of these index minerals is associated with the highest temperature of metamorphism?
migmatite
3 multiple choice options
what is the name for a metamorphic rock that has experienced some amount of partial melting?
gneiss
3 multiple choice options
which of these metamorphic rocks is foliated
reverse
3 multiple choice options
if a rick is experiencing folding at depth, what kind of faults might you expect to find closer to the surface?
lithistatic stress
3 multiple choice options
which of the following is NOT a type of different stress?
normal faulting
3 multiple choice options
what kind of deformation structure do you most expect to observe in a region experiencing crustal extension, like the basin and range province in Nevada?
high, low, low
3 multiple choice options
brittle deformation is more likely when
-the stress rate is _______
-temperature is _________
-pressure is _________
hinge line
3 multiple choice options
which part of a fold could you NOT measure using strike and dip?
4.54 Ga
3 multiple choice options
what is the age os the Earth?
stress, strain, deform elastically, deform plastically, fractures
as you apply __________ to a material, it will exhibit ________. First it will _____________, then it will _____________, until it finally _____________