French Revolution

Who created the Guillotine?

Dr. Joseph Ignacio Guillotine

Why was the guillotine created?

As a more humane way of execution

Who was in the first estate?

Higher Clergy

How much of the population was in the first estate?

1%

Who was in the second estate?

Nobility

How much of the population was in the second estate?

2%

Who was in the third estate?

Peasants and Bourgeoisie

How much of the population was in the third estate?

97%

Who has to pay taxes?

The third estate. Consisting of peasants and bourgeoisie

What were the reasons for the French Revolution?

1. Wars and Wasteful Royal Spending

2. Deficit Spending

3. Bad food harvests

What was the Estates General?

A meeting called by King Louis XVI where delegates of each estate were sent to Versailles.

Why was the Estates General called?

France was on the verge of bankruptcy and King Louis XVI wanted to increase taxes

What is the result of the Estates General?

The third estate takes control and rename themselves to the National Assembly

What does the National Assembly want?

A constitution

What does King Louis do because of the National Assembly being formed?

Hires Swiss Mercenaries and places them around Versailles

What does the National Assembly do in result of King Louis XVI locking the palace doors?

They take a Tennis Court Oath

What is the Tennis Court Oath?

An oath claiming they will not break up until they get a constitution

Why did the Great Fear happen?

Parisians think they will be attacked by mercenaries so they start finding weapons.

What was Bastille?

A prison full of political people who disagreed with King Louis XVI.

Why did Parisians go to Bastille?

They were looking for gunpowder

What did they do to Bastille?

Killed the prison guards, freed the prisoners, and set fire to Bastille

What did the Peasants do in response to Bastille burning?

They grabbed their pitchforks and broke in nobility houses. They destroyed their feudal dues.

How does the National Assembly try and bring down the country's debt?

They take away church land and sell it

Who are the Bourgeoisie?

Higher middle class who had the same amount of money as nobility but had to pay taxes

What 5 things did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen do?

1. Freedom of Speech and Religion

2. Kept the King but limited his power

3. Male citizens can vote

4. Male citizens can be in govt, army, or church office

5. Get rid of titles and everyone is known as a citizen

How did King Louis XVI react to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

Louis and Marie tried to escape but got caught. They forced Louis to accept this new government.

Who are Radicals?

revolution extremists who want more change

What does the National Assembly do because of the radicals?

Rebrand to the National Convention and get rid of the monarchy.

What does the National Convention declare themselves as?

A republic

How does King Louis XVI react to the National Convention?

He does not agree so he is charged with treason

What is treason?

betraying your own country

Who is Maximilien Robespierre?

A radical and leader of the Committee of Public Safety

What is the first thing Maximilien Robespierre does?

They take away Sundays, so there would be no religion

What is the period Maximilien Robespierre ruled as leader of the Committee of Public Safety called?

The Reign of Terror

What were 4 reasons people were beheaded during the Reign of Terror?

1. Not being radical enough

2. Not using the term citizen

3. Showing remorse to the monarchy

4. If you were against the revolution

How many people suffered during the Reign of Terror?

40,000 people were beheaded, 200,000 were arrested

What happens to Maximilien Robespierre?

Beheaded for treason

What happens to King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette?

Beheaded for treason

What is the Directory?

A new govt made up of 5 men. There is a legislative assembly with 2 houses which both need consent of the other to pass a law.

Why are other countries of Europe worried?

France wants to take down all the monarchs in Europe

Why does France go to war against Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Spain?

Austria and Prussia tried convincing France to bring back the monarchy by bringing back King Louis XVI's exiled brother

What is a deficit?

When a country brings in less money than they spend

What is a coup?

Sudden overthrow

What does Napoleon plan?

He plans a coup to dismantle the Directory.

What does Napoleon create after his coup?

A consul with 2 other men who have no power.

What are 3 reforms to France made by Napoleon?

1. Public education is accessible and schools are created

2. National Bank is created and has a tax collection procedure

3. End corrupt government and gives positions based off of merit

What is Napoleon's new role in 1804?

He becomes Emperor and claims to be above the church and god.

What is there a rise of in Spain?

Nationalism

What does England help Spain with and how?

England gives Spain resources so that they can overthrow the French government

How does Napoleon react to Spain overthrowing his government?

Gathers 600,000 troops and goes to invade Russia

What is Russia's Scorched Earth Policy?

Where the troops burn down any resources they think the enemy can use.

What are some things that Russia burns in their Scorched Earth policy?

Shelter, livestock, and food

What is the saying about Versailles?

All roads lead to Versailles

What is Versailles?

A palace where King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette lived

How many troops does Napoleon leave Russia with?

200,000

Where is Napoleon exiled after his defeat in Russia? (1st Time)

Islands of Elba

Why does Napoleon come back from exile?

To regain power

What was the Battle of Waterloo?

A battle fought by Napoleon when he came back from exile

What was the result of the Battle of Waterloo?

Napoleon lost and got exiled again

Where was Napoleon exiled for the second time?

St. Helena

What is the Napoleonic Code?

A legal document created by Napoleon which guaranteed rights for citizens of France

What are 3 rights in the Napoleonic Code?

1. Equality before the law

2. Religious toleration

3. Promotion by merit

What were 2 limitations of the Napoleonic Code?

1. Freedom of Speech is limited

2. Beneficial for males only

Why did the French welcome Napoleon?

Because of the reforms he made to France and how he fought alongside his soldiers.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Countries who had been conquered and allies redrew the map of Europe

What did the Congress of Vienna do?

Restored land to it's owners and also gifted some to other countries. Restored previous monarchs and made sure France could not gain power again.

Why is the Napoleonic Code so important?

It was the first legal system of laws that was used across the country and had revolutionary principles

When did Napoleon die?

1821 on St. Helena

What is the National Assembly?

A representative government made by the third estate who believed in reason and individuality

What is the National Convention?

A rebrand of the National Assembly where they get rid of their previously established legislative assembly and the monarchy

What did the rise of Nationalism in Spain mean?

They didn't want a French emperor and wanted a Spanish one