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What are sigma (σ) bonds and how are they formed?
Sigma bonds are the strongest type of covalent bonds formed by the direct overlap of valence orbitals, involving pairs of electrons.
What is the hybridization of carbon in methane (CH4)?
Carbon in methane is sp3 hybridized, resulting from the combination of one 2s and three 2p orbitals.
What is the molecular geometry and bond angle in methane (CH4)?
Methane has a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of 109.5°.
What is VSEPR theory?
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory states that the shape of a molecule is determined by the repulsions between electron pairs.
What bond angles are typical for trigonal planar molecules?
Trigonal planar molecules typically have bond angles of approximately 120°.
How does the presence of lone pairs affect bond angles in molecules like ammonia (NH3)?
Lone pairs exert greater repulsive forces, resulting in bond angles that are smaller than the typical tetrahedral angle, approximately 107° in ammonia.
What is the bond angle in a bent water (H2O) molecule?
The bond angle in a bent water molecule is approximately 104.5°.
What hybrid orbitals are formed in ethene (C2H4) and what is the bond angle?
In ethene, three sp2 hybrid orbitals are formed, and the bond angle is approximately 120°.
What is the significance of the solid dash/wedge system in chemistry?
The solid dash/wedge system is used to visually represent molecular geometry in two dimensions, indicating bonds that are coming out of or going into the plane of the page.
What type of hybridization is associated with nitrogen in ammonia (NH3)?
Nitrogen in ammonia is sp3 hybridized.
What are the characteristics of pi (π) bonds in molecular bonding?
Pi bonds form through the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals and are typically found in double and triple bonds.
How do lone pair-lone pair repulsion compare to bond pair-bond pair repulsion?
Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair-bond pair repulsion, which is greater than bond pair-bond pair repulsion.
What is the shape and bond angle of a molecule with two bond pairs and no lone pairs?
The shape is linear, with a bond angle of 180°.
What geometry is associated with SF6, and what are its bond angles?
SF6 has octahedral geometry with bond angles of 90° and 180°.
What are the bond angles and geometry of PCl5?
PCl5 has trigonal bipyramidal geometry with bond angles of 90° and 120°.
Which molecule has the strongest type of covalent bond?
Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest type of covalent bonds.
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