ISOPRENOIDS

terpenoids

Modified terpenes

Iridoids

are cyclopentan-[c]-pyran monoterpenoids.

Iridoids

They are produced as a defensive secretion by ants

Monoterpenoids

modified monoterpenes; 2 isoprene units

Iridoids

specific; found as glycosides, usually attached to sugar molecules

Iridomyrmex

Iridoids’ name is from which specific genus of ants

Iridomyrmex

they are known to produce iridoids as a form of defense mechanism

Common Centuary

Centaurium erythraea

Seco-iridoids

iridoids that have undergone oxidative cleavage/cut;

bitter principle = pharmacologic use = bitter tonic

seco

latin word means to cut

Bogbean Leaf

Menyanthes trifoliata

Gentianaceae

Common Centuary fam

Menyanthaceae

Bogbean Leaf fam

Methiafolin

specific type of secoiridoid; contribute to anti-inflammatory property

Loganin

iridoid; also contributes to the anti-inflammatory property

Plantain

Plantago major, Plantago media, Plantago lanceolata

Plantaginaceae

Plantain fam

Aucubin

acts as a natural insecticide

Valerian

Valeriana officinalis

Valerianaceae

Valerian fam

Stolon

horizontal stems that grow above ground

Valerenic acid

anxiolytic, sedative

Devil’s Claw

Harpagophytum

Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum)

Harpagophytum procumbens, Harpagophytum zeyheri

Pedaliaceae

Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum) fam

fruits, which contains hooks

It is called “devil’s claw” because of its

Harpagoside

an iridoid glycoside found in devil’s claw; believed to contribute to its antiinflammatory and analgesic effects.

Mountain arnica

Arnica montana

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Mountain arnica fam

Feverfew

Tanacetum parthenium

Asteraceae

Feverfew fam

Feverfew

has a long history of traditional use for fever, arthritis, menstrual problems, and other disorders. It has gained attention for its potential prophylactic use in the treatment of migraine headaches.

Centaury

is used as a bitter tonic, stimulating the appetite, and increasing the secretion of bile and gastric juice.

Bogbean leaf

is used for its bitter and diuretic properties. It is also used in the treatment of various rheumatic conditions.

Plantain

is traditionally used for its expectorant, diuretic, and antihemorrhagic properties.

Valerian

is used as a carminative and an antispasmodic in hysteria and other nervous disorders. It is often prescribed with bromides or other sedatives. It has also been used for its sedative properties.

Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum)

is widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The iridoid glycosides in the plant are believed to contribute to its antiinflammatory and analgesic effects.

Arnica flowers

have been traditionally used as a remedy for sprains and bruises due to their astringent properties.

Chicory

Cichorium intybus

Asteraceae

Chicory fam

Chicory root

is traditionally used as a diuretic, to treat liver ailments, and as a tonic and laxative.

Fish Berries

Anamirta cocculus

Menispermaceae

Fish Berries fam

Picrotoxin

is used intravenously in cases of poisoning by barbiturates and other narcotics. Fish berries are also used in small quantities to stupefy fish.

Santonica

Artemisia cina

Asteraceae

Santonica fam

Wormseed (containing santonin)

is used as an anthelminthic, primarily effective against roundworms. It has less effect on threadworms and no effect on Taenia (tapeworms).

Black Horehound

Ballota nigra

Lamiaceae

Black Horehound fam

Lamiaceae

White Horehound fam

White Horehound

Marrubium vulgare