CA51014 Quiz 2 M3 Product Design

Strategic Importance of Product and Service Design

The essence of an organization is the goods (products) and services it offers, and every aspect of the organization is structured around the design of these products & services.

Product and Service Design

Should be closely tied to an organization's strategy.

Consequences of Poor Design

Poorly designed products and services could lead to faulty design, incorrectly implemented services, service failures, injuries, lawsuits, and product recalls.

Translate Customer Wants and Needs

Translate customer wants and needs into product and service requirements.

Refine Existing Products and Services

Enhance sound for laptops, update office apps (like Excel), and update online payment solutions.

Develop New Products and Services

Involves creating new offerings such as an Augmented Reality Headset prototype.

Formulate Quality Goals

Establish quality goals in marketing and operations.

Formulate Cost Targets

Set cost targets in accounting, marketing, and operations.

Construct and Test Prototypes

Involves creating and testing models in marketing, operations, and engineering.

Document Specifications

Create a detailed set of instructions outlining a business procedure.

Purpose of Product & Service Design

Control how an item is to be manufactured or rendered, controlling material features, properties, performance, and reliability of the process output.

Phases in Product Design and Development

Briefly describe the phases involved in product design and development.

Characteristics of Well-Designed Service Systems

List the characteristics that define well-designed service systems.

Importance of Legal, Ethical, and Sustainability Considerations

Discuss the significance of legal, ethical, and sustainability considerations in product and service design.

Reasons for Design or Redesign

Identify some reasons that necessitate design or redesign.

Sources of Design Ideas

List some of the main sources from which design ideas can be derived.

Life Cycle Assessment

Explain the purpose and goal of life cycle assessment.

Analyze and Synthesize Selected Case

Analyze and synthesize information from selected case studies.

Process specifications

Translate product and service specifications into process specifications (engineering, operations)

Inter-functional collaboration

Involve inter-functional collaboration

Market size

Is there a demand for it?

Demand profile

Short or long term demand for a product or service

Manufacturability

The capability of an organization to produce an item at an acceptable profit

Serviceability

The capability of an organization to provide a service at an acceptable cost or profit

Quality level

What level of quality is appropriate based on customer expectations, competitor quality, and fit with current offering

Economic standpoint

Does it make sense from an economic standpoint considering liability issues, ethical considerations, sustainability issues, costs, and profits?

Nonprofits budget

For nonprofits - is cost within the budget?

Driving forces for design

Market opportunities or threats that drive product and service design or redesign

Economic reasons for redesign

Low demand and the need to reduce costs

Cost analysis in design

Integrating cost analysis into early product design because the design of the product determines the final cost

Social and demographic reasons

Changes such as aging baby boomers or population shifts that require products suited to them

Political reasons for redesign

Safety issues, new regulations, and government changes

Competitive reasons for redesign

New products & services, new advertising/promotion that necessitate redesign

Cost or availability reasons

Factors such as raw materials, labor, and energy that affect design

Technological reasons for redesign

Advancements in technology that can directly & indirectly affect product & service design

Design or Redesign

The process of adopting new technology in products and services to remain efficient and competitive.

Idea Generation

The process of generating new design ideas from various sources.

Supply-Chain Based

Ideas that can originate from customers, suppliers, distributors, employees, and maintenance personnel within the supply chain.

Competitor Based

The practice of reverse engineering to discover product improvements by dismantling and inspecting a competitor's product.

Research Based

Organized efforts to increase scientific knowledge or product innovation through research and development (R&D).

Basic Research

Research aimed at advancing knowledge about a subject without immediate commercial applications.

Applied Research

Research aimed at achieving commercial applications.

Development

The process of converting results from applied research into useful commercial applications.

Legal Considerations

Factors related to product liability and the responsibility of manufacturers for injuries or damages caused by faulty designs.

Product Liability

The responsibility a manufacturer has for any injuries or damages caused by a faulty design.

Automobile Pollution

Environmental impact considerations related to automobile manufacturing and design.

Safety Issues

Concerns regarding the safety features in vehicles, such as airbags and seatbelts.

Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

A set of laws that imply products carry an expectation of merchantability and fitness for intended use.

Concomitant Costs

Costs associated with legal proceedings, insurance, settlements, product recalls, and reputation effects.

Ethical Considerations

Factors that influence designers, such as pressure to speed up design processes and cut costs.

Trade-off Decisions

Decisions made by designers when balancing quality and cost, especially when products may have defects.

Legal Considerations

Guidelines that designers must adhere to, ensuring that designs are consistent with the goals of the organization.

Ethical Considerations

Principles that guide designers to give customers the value they expect.

Health and Safety

A primary concern that must be addressed in product and service design.

Human Factors

Critical issues in design related to safety and liability, including crashworthiness of vehicles.

Cultural Factors

Considerations for designers operating globally, accounting for cultural differences in product or service design.

Sustainability

Using resources in ways that do not harm ecological systems that support human existence.

Cradle-to-Grave Assessment

A life-cycle assessment that evaluates the environmental impact of a product or service throughout its useful life.

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The assessment of the environmental impact of a product or service throughout its useful life.

Global Warming

One of the factors focused on in life-cycle assessment.

Smog Formation

Another factor evaluated in the life-cycle assessment process.

Oxygen Depletion

A factor considered in the environmental impact assessment of a product or service.

Solid Waste Generation

A factor that is part of the life-cycle assessment of products and services.

Goal of LCA

To choose products and services that have the least environmental impact while considering economic factors.

ISO 14000

Environmental management procedures that include life-cycle assessment.

The 3-Rs

Key aspects of designing for sustainability: Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling.

Reduction

The process of minimizing costs and materials used in product design.

Reuse

The practice of using parts from returned products in new designs.

Recycling

The process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

Ease of Use

A design consideration that enhances user experience and safety.

Crashworthiness

The ability of a vehicle to protect its occupants during an accident.

End-of-Life Programs

Initiatives designed to manage the disposal and recycling of products at the end of their life cycle.

Reduce

Costs and Materials

Value analysis

Examination of the function of parts and materials in an effort to reduce the cost and/or improve the performance of a product.

Value analysis Questions

Questions to assess the necessity, value, alternatives, combination, specifications, supplier suggestions, and packaging improvements of an item.

Re-Use

Remanufacturing

Remanufacturing

Refurbishing used products by replacing worn-out or defective components.

Reasons to remanufacture

Remanufactured products can be sold for about 50% of the cost of a new product; the process requires mostly unskilled and semi-skilled workers; European lawmakers are increasingly requiring manufacturers to take back used products.

Design for disassembly (DFD)

Designing a product so that used products can be easily taken apart.

Recycle

Recovering materials for future use.

Recycle applications

This applies to manufactured parts as well as materials used during production.

Why recycle?

Cost savings, environmental concerns, and environmental regulations.

Design for recycling (DFR)

Product design that takes into account the ability to disassemble a used product to recover the recyclable parts.

Product or Service Life Stages

The phases a product or service goes through from introduction to decline.

Introduction Phase

A product or service is introduced and may be treated as a curiosity item.

Growth Phase

Over time, design improvements and increasing demand yield higher reliability and lower cost leading to the growth of demand.

Maturity Phase

Where demand levels off; few, if any, design changes are needed; generally, costs are low and productivity is high.

Decline Phase

Decisions must be made on whether to stop a product/service and replace it with new ones or abandon the market, or to attempt to find new uses or find new users for the existing product or service.

Product Life Cycle Management (PLM)

A systematic approach in managing of a product or service from conception to end of life.

Beginning of Life

The phase of PLM that involves design and development.

Middle of Life

The phase of PLM that involves working with suppliers, managing product information, and warranties.

End of Life

The phase of PLM that involves strategies for product discontinuance, disposal, and recycling.

Standardization

Extent to which there is an absence of variety in a product, service, or process.

Mass Customization

A strategy of producing basically standardized goods or services, but incorporating some degree of customization in the final product or service.

Delayed Differentiation

The process of producing, but not quite completing, a product or service until customer preferences are known.

Modular Design

A form of standardization in which component parts are grouped into modules that are easily replaced or interchanged.

Reliability

The ability of a product, part, or system to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions.

Failure

Situation in which a product, part, or system does not perform as intended.

Robust Design

A design that results in products or services that can function over a broad range of conditions.

Advantages of Modular Design

Easier diagnosis and remedy of failures, easier repair and replacement, simplification of manufacturing and assembly, training costs are relatively low.