Bio 189 Exam #2

Chapters 6-

Where does glycolysis take place?

Takes place in cytosol where it is broken down into pyruvuate

T or F: Glycolysis requires oxygen

False

What does Anaerobic mean?

Without oxygen

What is the glucose equation? (write down)

C6H12O6

What is the water equation? (write down)

H20

What is the equation for Carbon Dioxide? (write down)

6CO2

What is the goal of glycolysis

To turn glucose into a more simpler form being pyruvate

Does glycolysis use ATP tot start?

yes (a little)

What is net yield?

 Amount of product (energy) remaining that is still useful after accounting for what was used or lost

Glycolysis net yield

2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) 2 ATP molecules, & 2 NADH

What is NADH?

it is a coenzyme that has the ability to transfer electrons

Where is Pyruvate transported

to the mitochondria

What is the first step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

What is the second step cellular of respiration

pyruvate oxidation

what does 1 glucose moleecule =

What is an endocrine?

The body’s “Chemical messenger system”

• uses glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream

A tissue is composed of

group of cells interacting to provide specific function

What are the 4 main categories of animal tissues

• muscle

• connective

• nervous

• epithelial

Where are epithelial cells found?

• covering of organs

• external body surfaces

• lining of hollow organs

Made up of epithelial tissue that secretes different substances such as sweat, saliva, hormones, breast milk, and tears are called

glands

What cells are found on the body’s surface

epithelial

Epithelial tissues function in

protection and secretion

Glands are made up of what type of tissue

epithelial

Simple squamous

single layer, flattened; lines blood vessels

Simple cuboidal

Single layer, found in glands

Stratified squamous

multiple layers, found in outer layer of skin

Simple columnar

single layer, may be ciliated ; lines digestive tract

these tissue cells are filled with long, thin protein filaments, which slide past one another

muscle

Which are following functions of connective tissues

• fill spaces between organs

• store fat

• provide flexible and firm support

• transport gases, nutrients, and waste

What are the 2 main types of cells in nervous tissues

• neurons

• neuroglia

What is anatomy

study of structure and form of animal bodies

What is physiology

the study of function of body parts

What is adipose called

fat; lipids

is blood clear

yes (plasma)

what makes blood red

red blood cells

Things associated with cellular respiration

• used by plants

• used by aerobic bacteria

• used by animals

• the process uses potential energy in organic compounds to produce ATP

Things associated with photosynthesis

• used by plants

• used by autotrophic bacteria

• this process uses light energy to produce organic compounds

What happens in the cytoplasm?

• glycolysis

• initial splitting of glucose

What happens in the mitochondrial matrix

• pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA

• Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle)

What occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane

• Electron transport chain (ETC)

• Production of most ATP occurs here

Energy is used as the cell converts (blank) to ADP at the beginning of glycolysis

ATP

Electron carriers called (blank) are produced, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain

NADH & FADH2

A net energy yield of (blank) ATP molecules per glucose are produced during glycolysis

Two

Two (blank) molecules are produced, which move into mitochondria in (blank) cells to be oxidized

pyruvate; eukaryotic

How do the products of glycolysis and krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to

pyruvate

1 single turn of the krebs cycle will yield

1 ATP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2

A tissue is composed of

groups of cells interacting to provide a specific function

What is systolic blood pressure

Pressure where pulse is audible

What s diastolic blood pressure ?

pressure which pulse s no longer audible

does blood pressure decrease furthest away from the heart?

yes

What is blood pressure?

force of blood asserted on vessel walls

What are the 4 chambers of the human heart

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

Does negative feedback regulate short term blood pressure

yes

Which tissue helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure?

Nervous

What does aerobic pertain to

needing oxygen

is glycolysis an anaerobic or aerobic

anaerobic

why is blood pressure higherr in the arteriees than in the veins

because arteries are directly connected to the heart, forcing blood through narrow vessels under high pressure

• as blood travels through everything else blood resistance reduces leaving veins with low blood pressure

Where do extternal respiration occur

respiratory surfaces

What is the main human respiratory organ

lungs

What are the mai ennzymees in a plant’s color

chlorophyl A and chlorophyl B

What is a chlorophyl

a natural green pigment in plants essential for photosynthesis, allowing them to absorb energy from light

What is responsible for a plants pigment

chlorophyl

Where does photosynthesis take place

in the leaves of plants

leaves intake CO2 produce

Oxygen and water (O2 +H2O)

What do chloroplasts contain

thylakoid cells

What is the stroma

the liquid found in the chloroplast (fluid filled compartment)

Chloroplasts contains its own what?

Dna, Ribosome, membranes (inner and outer)

Thylakoids stack together to form what

Granum

where does photosynthesis occur

inn the thylakoid membrane (light reaction) and the chloroplast stroma (carbon reactions aka the calvin cycle)

Is photosynthesis endergonic?

yes

Is movement of electrons key in photosynthesis

yes

Light reations take place in two moelcular structures know as what

Photosysterms (1 & 2)

What is photosystem 2

the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,

• uses light energy to split water molecules into electrons, protons, and oxygen, powering ATP production

What’s the role of ATP synthesis in the proccss of the light reactions

Why is NADPH formed in the process of the light reactions

Where do light reactions occur

Thylakoid

What enters the calvin cycle

NADPH and ATP

• Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

What is dialostic pressure

The pressure at which the pulse is no longer audible

What is systolic pressure

is the pressure where pulse is audible

Does blood pressure decrease further away from the heart

yes

What does the human respiratory system do

deliver air to the lungs

During what stage(s) of photosynthesis is glucose produced

carbon reactions

What are the products of light reactiions

ATP & NADPH

Can plants perform cellular respiration ?

Yes

Pyruvate Net yield

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 (waste product)

What are the 3 Aerobic process

• pyruvate oxidation

• Kres cycle (citric acid cycle)

• Electron Transport Chain ( EXTREMELY NECESSARY)

What is the net yield of Kreb cycle part 1

• 1 ATP

• 3 NADH

• 1 FADH2

• 2 CO2 (waste product)

What is the net yield of kreb cycle part 2

• 2 ATP

• 6 NADH

• 2 FADH2

• 4 CO2 (waste product)

Why does Kreb cycle go 2 turns

It turns twice per glucose molecule

• glycolysis converts a 6 carbon glucose into a 3 carbon Pyruvate

• Pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 Acetyl CoA

• 1 Karen cycle turn oxidizes 1 Acetyl CoA (hence needing 2 turns)

In eukaryotic cells where does ETC (chemiosmosis)

Still in the mitochondria (inner membrane)

Where are electrons transferred in the ETC

to protein complexes in protein carriers

What are the electrons in the protein complexes used for

To generate a proton (H+) gradient

• as protons are pumped across into inter membrane space

• all these protons generate and m chemical gradient (motive force)

What is ATP synthase

An enzyme

• where the protons (H+) travel Through

What is ADP

Adenine diphosphate

Hats the difference between ADP and ATP

ADP comes before ATP

• ADP has two phosphates but if it gets another one it becomes ATP

Does ATP synthase add a phosphate to ADP

Yes