Regulation of Breathing: Central & Peripheral Chemoreceptors

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the regulation of breathing through central and peripheral chemoreceptors, including definitions of important terms.

Central Chemoreceptors

Located in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), they respond primarily to high partial pressure of CO2 and low pH levels.

Hypercapnia

High partial pressure of CO2 in the blood causing stimulation of central chemoreceptors, leading to increased ventilation.

Hypocapnia

Low partial pressure of CO2 in the blood that decreases stimulation of central chemoreceptors, leading to decreased ventilation.

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Located in the carotid and aortic bodies, they respond to changes in blood oxygen, CO2, and pH levels.

Glomus Cells

Cells in the peripheral chemoreceptors that send impulses when stimulated, containing dopamine and potassium channels.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter released by glomus cells in response to chemoreceptor stimulation, which transmits signals to cranial nerves.

Diaphragm

A muscle critical for breathing that contracts based on signals from the phrenic nerve, increasing respiratory rate.

Metabolic Acids

Substances that can alter blood pH and stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors, including ketones and lactic acid.

Kussmaul Breathing

A type of hyperventilation characterized by deep and labored breathing often associated with metabolic acidosis.

Carbonic Acid

A weak acid formed when CO2 dissolves in water, dissociating into protons and bicarbonate, playing a key role in pH regulation.