Test #3: Occupational Role Analysis

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

What is this stage considered to be? (timeframe wise)

the stage between childhood and adulthood

12-20

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Girls growth spurt age begins around

age 10

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

boys growth spurt begins around

age 12`

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty

period of maturity of sexual organs

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: Boys begin to have

higher concentrations/production of androgens

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: Girls begin to have

higher concentration/production of estrogen

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: Who does it begin earlier for?

girls

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Environmental and cultural influences on puberty:

varies greatly

in different parts of the world

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

environmental and cultural influences on puberty:

better nourished

in greater health tend to begin earlier than those that are malnourished or have a chronic disease

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

environmental and cultural influences on puberty: obesity can lead to

earlier puberty

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

environmental and cultural influences on puberty: low body fat can lead to

delays in puberty

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

environmental stressors on Puberty:

divorce, family conflict =earlier onset

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: primary sex characteristics

development of organs and structures

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: primary sex characteristics

Girls:

Boys:

Girls: changes in the vagina and uterus

Boys: enlargement of penis, prostate gland, and seminal vesicls

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Puberty: secondary sex characteristics

Girls

Boys

Girls: development of breasts, pubic hair, armpit hair

Boys: pubic, underarm, and facial hair; voice deepens

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Girls:

Age of menarche varies. Some start as early as _____ and as late as ____

Average age now is _____

Some start as early as 7 and as late as 16

average age now is 11-12

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Boys

Spermarche- typically begins around

symtpoms:

13

rapid mood swings: anger and depression

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Reactions to menarche/spermarche

Girls

distinctive and commonly used measure of pubertal timing among girls

-improved positive response to menstruation than had been the past improved self-esteem, greater self awareness, increase in status

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Reactions to mecharche/spermarche

Boys

first ejaculation: has been used to indicate pubertal timing

-uncertain, reluctant to share with other

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

When maturation occurs early:

Girls

-may have increased popularity, be sought out more for “dating”

-may not be socially/psychologically ready to participate

-may be teased by less developed peers

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

When maturation occurs early:

Boys

-more successful at athletics, more popular, more positive self-concept

-increased involvement in delinquent activities and subtsance abuse

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Nutrition, food, and eating disorder

Average calorie requirement: girls vs boys

Girls: 2200

Boys: 2800

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

*both sexes requires foods rich in

calcium and iron; calcium for bones and iron for blood

• a balance is required as much for this age group as all other

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Obesity rate

1/5 overweight

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

obesity rate with increasing female predominance in adolescence

1/20

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

obesity: psychological consequence

psychological consequence significant in adolescence in addition to typical physical health consequences

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

chances of being obese as an adult

80% chance of being obese as an adult if you were obese as an adult if you were obese as an adult

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Obesity cause

-availability of fast foods

-all media use

-lack of exercise

• end of HS, females get virtually no exercise. Black females more at risk for no exercise at all bc of lack of resources

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Anorexia

a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat

-15-20% starve to death

• body dysmorphia

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Anorexia: primary effects females between the ages of

12-40 years old

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

beginning to see an increased

incidence in males

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or laxatives

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Bulimia: weight not typically distorted, although can lead to

heart failure due to frequent changes in biochemistry that can cause heart failure and acidosis

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Bulimia: what happens after a binge

guilty and depression after a binge typically leads to the purge cycle

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Why do eating disorders occur?

-no one answer

-seeking control and success

-societal pressures

-biological causes

-psychological and social factors

-both therapy and pharmacological treatment needed

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

threats to adolescents well-being:

-illegal drugs

-use of Adderall

-tobacco use/vaping

-alcohol use and abuse

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence'

threats to adolescent well-being:

how many smoke marijuana dailt

1 in 15

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Number of adolescents that have consumed alcohol by the end of 8th grade

2/5

*alcoholism in teens on the rise

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

STI’s

AIDs/HIV

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

STIS: greater impact on …

minorities (8xs more prevalent in Blacks than whites)

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

STI: how many adolescents gets an STI before graduating high school

1 of 4 adolescents

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

STI’s: Types of STIs

Trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

STI’s: Most common infection

HPV:

• cervical cancer risk

• genital warts

• vaccine available for 11-12 year olds

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence:

Cognitive Development

increased growth of the pre-frontal cortex, which allows an increase in more complex thoughts and permits better evaluative abilities and more complex judgment

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Cognitive development: improved

improved processing

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Cognitive development: impulse control is

NOT fully developed despite that structure of the pre-frontal cortex being developed

• increased risk taking behaviors may be linked to this

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

sleep deprivation:

later to bed, early to rise:

• lower grades

• increased levels of depression

• increased difficulty controlling moods

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Piaget and adolescence

formal operations stage

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

piaget and adolescence: what typically happens during this stage

-abstract thought begins

-test thoughts by carrying out experiments

-many adults are now thought to not reach this stage fully

-cultural and societal impacts

-the development of this stage contributes to the argumentative nature of adolescence

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Information Processing approach: cognitive growth

cognitive growth is gradual and quantitative (measureable)

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence:

Information processing approach: improvements in

memory, mental strategies, and metacognition occur

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

information processing approach: they begin to really

“think about their thinking”

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Adolescent egocentrism

state of self absorption in which is viewed as focused on oneself

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Adolescent Egocentrism: highly critical of

parents, authority figures, can’t accept ccritism, and is quick to find fault with others

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Adolescent egocentrism: feel they are the

center of everyone’s thoughts

-personal fables (i am so unique, it will never happen to me)

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence’

Grades and Impact of school performance: children living in poverty …

do not fare well

-health, nutrition, resources, overpopulated schools, more responsibilities, nowhere to do homework, lack of technology/internet

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence:

Grades and impact of school performance: middle class and High SES children

fare better

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

grades and impact on school performance: grades in hs going up, but not

standardized test scores- GRADE INFLATION

-more lenient instructors

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

grades and impact on school performance: US HS graduation rate has

plummeted to 79%

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

grades and impact on school performance: US used to be

#1 in the world for HS grad rates …now 24th

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

grades and impact on school performance: poverty

plays a large role in HS drop out rates

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

the influence of cyberspace

social media, technology inequities, threates

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

At this time what do Adolescents focus on

identity and belong

-desire to establish individuality

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

cognitive and physical changes increase

self-awareness

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

self-concept

-includes personal views and others’ perception

-becomes more organized and complex

-multiple self-aspects may cause confusion

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

self-esteem

accuracy in self-understanding increases

-self-esteem may not improve

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

self esteem: what is self-esteem influenced by

gender, SES. and race

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Erikson’s Theory: what stage and what happens when you fail

identity vs identity confusion stage: search for unique identity

-failure leads to confusion and instability

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Marcia’s Identity Statuses: Identity Moratorium

LOW commitment to the prospect of a new career identity but HIGH level of engagement in exploring new opportunities so are more knowledgable about possible option

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Marcia’s Identity Statuses: Identity Diffusion

LOW commitment towards considering a new career. LOW motivation to explore new options. Overwhelmed or unaware of number of possibilities so inertia sets in

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Marcia’s Identity Statuses: Identity foreclosure

HIGH commitment towards the prospect of a new career identity but LOW exploration activity. Have accepted the prospect of changing careers but unmotivated to start the process of job seeking

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Marcia’s identity statuses: identity achievement

HIGH commitment to a new career identity and HIGH exploration of possible new career options. Accepting of a new career and taking positive action to explore the job market

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Race and Identitiy: challenges

challenges due to societal expectations

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Race and identity: ______ vs _______

assimilation vs pluralism

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

race and identity: bicultural

bicultural identity development

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Mental Health:

depression affects many teens

-higher rates in girls

Chapter 12: Adolescent Social and Personality Development

Mental Health: depression causes

biological, social, environem