chapter 16: therapy and treatment

exorcism

incantations and prayers said over the individual’s body by a priest/religious figure

trephining

hole made in the skull to release spirits from body

philippe pinel

argued for more humane treatment of mentally ill (late 1700s)

dorothea dix

instrumental in creating first american asylum 

asylum

first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders

psychosis

common diagnosis in 20th century, symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, indicating loss of contact with reality

deinstitutionalization

closing large asylums, providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally

involuntary treatment

therapy that is not the individual’s choice

voluntary treatment

person chooses to attend therapy and obtain relief from symptoms

psychodynamic psychotherapy

talk therapy based on belief that unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior

play therapy

toys used instead of talk

behavior therapy

principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors

cognitive therapy

awareness of cognitive processes helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress

cognitive-behavioral therapy

work to change cognitive distortions and self defeating behaviors

humanistic therapy

increase self awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts

free association

patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment

dream analysis

therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams

transference

patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with their other relationships to the psychoanalyst

nondirective play therapy

children are encouraged to work through problems by playing freely while therapist observes

directive play therapy

therapist provides structure by suggesting topics, asking questions, and playing with the child

psychotropic medications

medications used to treat psychological disorders

antipsychotics

treat positive symptoms

atypical antipsychotics

treat negative symptoms

antidepressants

alter levels or serotonin and norepinephrine

anti anxiety agents

depress CNS activation

mood stabilizers

treat episodes of mania as well as depression

stimulants

improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention

electroconvulsive therapy

induces seizures to help alleviate severe depression

transcranial magnetic stimulation

magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells to improve depression symptoms

techniques of humanistic therapy

1. active listening

2. unconditional positive regard

3. genuineness, empathy, and acceptance

aversive conditioning

uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior

counterconditioning

client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior

exposure therapy

seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus

systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety inducing stimuli

virtual reality exposure therapy

uses a stimulation to help conquer fears when it’s too impractical, expensive, or embarrassing to recreate anxiety inducing situations

overgeneralizing

taking a small situation and making it huge

polarized thinking

seeing things in absolutes

jumping to conclusions

assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reactively to you without evidence

confidentiality

the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated to permitted to do so by law

individual therapy

one on one with a trained therapist

group therapy

deals with common issues, can help decrease shame and isolation

psychoeducational groups

groups with a strong educational component

family therapy

aims to enhance growth of each family member as well as that of the family as a whole

systems approach

family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior

structural therapy

examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family

strategic therapy

aims to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a short amount of time

couples therapy

aims to help them resolve problems and implement strategies that will lead to a healthier and happier relationship

addiction

chronic substance use can permanently alter neural structure in prefrontal cortex, makes it difficult to stop

relapse

individual returns to abusing a substance after a period of improvement

behavior therapy

can help motivate the addict to participate in the treatment program and teach strategies for dealing with cravings and how to prevent relapse

duration of treatment

at least 3 months

holistic treatment

addresses multiple needs due to varying aspects of abuse

parental involvment

correlated with greater reduction in use by teen substance abusers

cultural competence

mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity, and use strategies to effectively address needs of various populations