Planes of Motion + Motion/Muscle Testing

How does the saggittal plane divide the body?

In left and right

How does the frontal plane divide the body?

Anterior / posterior

How does the transverse plane divide the body?

In superior / inferior

What general motions occur in the sagittal plane?

Flexion / extension

What general motions occur in the frontal plane?

Addiction / abduction

What general motion occurs in the transverse plane?

Rotary motions

Name 5 motions that occur in the sagittal plane?

Neck flexion/extension

Shoulder flexion/extension

Elbow flexion/extension

Wrist flexion/extension

Finger joints flexion/extension

Trunk flexion/extension

Hip flexion/extension

Knee flexion/extension

Ankle flexion/extension

Name 5 motions that occur in the frontal plane

Hip abduction/adduction

Ankle (subtalar) inversion/eversion

Shoulder abduction/adduction

Wrist radial/ulnar deviation

Lateral flexion of trunk

Cervical lateral flexion

Name 5 motions that occur in the transverse plane?

Hip Internal/External rotation

Shoulder Internal/External rotation

Shoulder horizontal abduction/adduction

Forearm pronation/supination

Trunk rotation

Cervical rotation

Name the following positions for CERVICAL FLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Lying supine, head hanging off of table, tuck chin in

R: Pushing down on forehead

Name the following positions for CERVICAL EXTENSION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Lying prone, head hanging off of table, pull head back (keep shoulders/chest down)

R: Back of head, push down

Name the following positions for CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Laying supine

AG: Sitting/standing

R: Temporal region, push towards upright position

What is the normal ROM of Cervical R/L Rotation?

60 degrees

What is the normal range of motion for R/L lateral flexion?

45 degrees

What is the normal ROM for cervical flexion?

45 degrees

What is the normal ROM for cervical extension?

45 degrees

What plane of motion does foot inversion and eversion occur in?

Frontal (coronal)

What are the motions of the hip joint? (7)

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Internal rotation

External rotation

Circumduction

What plane of motion does foot supination/pronation occur in?

Triplanar (all 3 planes)

Name the following positions for HIP FLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Supine

R: Just proximal to the knee

What position should the knee be when testing Hip Flexion?

Flexed

What is the normal ROM for hip flexion?

120 degrees

Name the following positions for HIP EXTENSION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Prone

R: Just proximal to the knee

What is the normal ROM for hip extension?

30 degrees

Name the following positions for HIP ABDUCTION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Supine

AG: Side-lying

R: Side of leg, just proximal to knee

What is the normal ROM for hip aBduction?

45 degrees

Name the following positions for HIP ADDUCTION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Supine

AG: Side-lying

R: Medial femur, just proximal to knee

What is the normal ROM for Hip aDduction?

30 degrees

Name the following positions for HIP INTERNAL ROTATION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Prone, hip and knee bent to 90 degrees

AG: Sitting

R: Just proximal to ankle joint

What is the normal ROM for hip internal rotation?

45 degrees

Name the following positions for HIP EXTERNAL ROTATION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Supine, hip and knee bent to 90 degrees

AG: Sitting

R: Just proximal to the ankle joint

What is the normal ROM for Hip external rotation?

45 degrees

What plane of motion is hip flexion and extension in?

Sagittal plane

What plane of motion is hip aBduction and aDduction?

Frontal/Coronal

What plane of motion is hip internal and external rotation in?

Transverse plane

What plane of motion is knee flexion and extension?

Sagittal plane

Name the following positions for KNEE EXTENSION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: side-lying

AG: sitting or lying supine

R: just proximal to ankle joint

What is the normal ROM for knee extension?

0 degrees, which is straight

Name the following positions for KNEE FLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Lying supine

R: Just proximal to ankle

What is the normal ROM of knee flexion?

135 degrees

What plane of motion does plantar flexion and dorsiflexion occur in?

Sagittal plane

Name the following positions for ANKLE DORSIFLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: side-lying

AG: Sitting or lying supine

R: over the MTP joints

What is the normal ROM for ankle dorsiflexion?

20 degrees (past 90 degrees)

Name the following positions for ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Side-lying

AG: Prone

R: Sole of foot

What is the normal ROM for ankle plantar flexion?

50 degrees (from 90 degrees)

Name the following positions for ANKLE INVERSION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: Lying prone

AG: Side-lying

R: Side of MTP of first big toe

What is the normal ROM for ankle inversion?

35 degrees

What plane is ankle inversion and eversion in?

Frontal (coronal)

Name the following positions for ANKLE EVERSION

Gravity minimized position

Against gravity position

Where to apply resistance for MMT

GM: lying prone or sitting

AG: Side-lying

R: Lateral aspect of foot

What is the normal ROM of ankle eversion?

15 degrees

What motion occurs at the SC joint in the frontal plane?

Superior/Inferior slide

What motion occurs at the SC joint in the sagittal plane?

Anterior/Posterior roll

What motion occurs at the SC joint in the transverse plane?

Rotation

What plane of motion does clavicle superior/inferior roll at the SC joint?

Frontal plane

What plane of motion does clavicle anterior/posterior roll at the SC joint?

Sagittal

What plane of motion does clavicle rotation roll at the SC joint?

Transverse

For the first 90 degrees of GHJ flexion/abduction, how does the clavicle move and how much?

Elevation of 10-15 degrees

For 90-180 degrees of GHJ flexion/abduction, how does the clavicle move and how much?

Posterior rotation, 30-50 degrees