Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Review

STARTHERE What are Arrector Pili muscles?

Small, smooth muscle attached to the hair follicle that contracts to raise the hair (piloerection) & aids in emptying sebaceous glands

What type of hairs are whiskers?

Tactile hairs

Where is the only place with Significant sweat glands in dogs?

Paw pads

What is the Epithelium?

Tissues/cells that cover & line connective tissue, such as organs, glands, the external body (skin), GI tract, etc.; covers all internal & external structures

What are Functions of the integumentary system?

Covers and protects, prevents desiccation (dehydration), reduces threat of injury, assists in thermoregulation, excretes waste (water, salt, & organic waste), receives and conveys sensory information, synthesizes vit D, & stores nutrients

what part of the skull does Horns emerge from?

Corneal process of the frontal bone

What is the Definition of a long bone?

Longer than it is wide, has a shaft (diaphysis) that is the main part of the bone, has 2 ends (epiphysis), & provides support, leverage, & movement

What is the name of the Cells that remodel bone?

Osteoclasts

What are bone cells called?

Osteocytes

What is the name of the Cells that produce bone?

Osteoblasts

The Appendages of the body are a part of which skeleton?

Appendicular skeleton

The Head and trunk are a part of which skeleton?

Axial skeleton

What is an Example of a flat bone?

Most skull bones, scapulae, & pelvis bones

What is the Definition of short bones?

Roughly cube-shaped & composed mostly of spongy bone

What are two Components of hemoglobin?

Heme (pigment) and globin (protein)

Describe the Shape of most mammalian red blood cells? Are they usually nucleated?

Round, anuclear, biconcave disc

What is the Term for red blood cell production?

Erythropoiesis

What are the Components of blood that allows for clotting?

Platelets & clotting factors

What is Hemoconcentration?

Increase in the concentration of blood cells, specifically RBC's, due to decreased plasma volume or increased RBC production

What is Hemodilution?

Decrease in the concentration of blood cells, specifically RBCs, due to increased blood fluid or plasma volume

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

In the armpit

Where are the popliteal lymph nodes located?

Behind the knee/stifle

Which Lymph nodes are found under the jaw of cats and dogs?

Mandibular

What Purpose do white blood cells serve?

Immunity, phagocytosis, protects & fights against infection

What is the name of the Lower arcade of teeth?

Mandibular arcade

What is the name of the Upper arcade of teeth?

Maxillary arcade

Which Salivary glands do you find in most domestic animals?

Parotid, mandibular, sublingual

What is the thymus and where is it located? What happens to the thymus as an animal ages?

Specialized organ that plays a key role in immune defense located in the thoracic cavity cranial to the heart, and it shrinks as the animal ages.

This is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.

Spleen

What is the Function of the lymph system?

Support immunity and fight infection.

What is peristalsis and what does it do?

Circular muscle contractions that propel food through the gastrointestinal tract.

What are the 4 Compartments of the ruminant stomach?

Abomasum, reticulum, rumen, omasum.

In a dental formula, what does a Lowercase 'c' represent?

Deciduous canine tooth.

What is the Order of the teeth from front to back?

Incisor, canine, premolar, molar.

What are the Gas molecules exchanged between alveoli and the blood stream?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What Secretions mixes with fat droplets in the small intestine?

Bile salt.

What are Folds in the mucosa of the small intestine called?

Rugae.

What is the Correct order of the sections of the small intestines?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What is the Volume of air left in the lungs after full expiration?

Residual volume.

What is the name of the fluid that gives some lubrication between the lungs and the thoracic wall?

Pleural fluid.

What is the name of the Portion of the thorax between the lungs?

Mediastinum.

Most mammals (not horses) have how many lobes in the right side of the lungs?

4

What Purpose does smooth muscle serve in the bronchial passageways

Bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.

What is the Most rostral part of the larynx?

Epiglottis.

Which side of the heart has thinner ventricular walls in a normal patient?

Right.

What are the Parts of the valve apparatus in the mammalian heart?

Leaflets, chordiae tendinae, papillary muscles.

What is the name of the vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the left heart?

Pulmonary vein.

What is the name of the major vessel off the right ventricle that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for waste removal and oxygen intake?

Pulmonary artery.

What is the name of the Fibroserous covering of the heart?

Pericardium.

Blood that returns to the heart, from systemic circulation, is in what form?

Deoxygenated.

What is an Echocardiogram?

Medical imaging test that uses ultrasound to take a picture of the heart.

What occurs during Diastole?

Myocardium relaxes allowing chamber to fill with blood.

What are the Differences between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body.

What is a Murmur?

Abnormal sound heard in the heart, sounds like a swooshing/ whooshing.

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

On the right side of the heart separating the atria from the ventricle.

Where is the mitral valve located?

On the left side of the heart separating the atria from the ventricle.

What occurs during Systole?

Myocardium contracts and pumping blood from one chamber to another

What glands are located near the kidneys?

Adrenal glands

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Located on the thyroid

What hormones are produced by the Thyroid?

T3 and T4

What is the purpose of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?

Tells kidney to reabsorb water instead of excrete it out in the urine

List atleast 3 hormones produced by the Pituitary gland?

Growth Hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland called?

Anterior and posterior

What is a Sinus rhythm?

Normal sounds of the heart

What is an Arrhythmia?

An abnormal beating heart, a change in the heart

What is the Renal pelvis?

Funnel shaped structure in the kidney that acts as a collection area for urine

What are the location of the left and right Kidney?

Right kidney is more cranial while the left kidney is more caudal

Which female sex hormone helps the body maintain pregnancy?

progesterone

What are the Functional units of the nervous system?

Neurons

What does the cerebellum control?

Controls coordinating movement, balance and posture

What is the Largest part of the mammalian brain?

cerebrum

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body

What makes up the central nervous system?

The brain and the spinal cord

What makes up a Neuron?

Soma/perikaryon- body cell, dendrites and axons and nucleus

Which Reproductive cell determine the gender of the offspring?

gametes

What pair of chromosomes would determine that an animal is male?

XY

What pair of chromosomes would determine that an animal is female?

XX

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

Which Accessory reproductive gland surrounds the urethra, caudal to the neck of the bladder?

prostate gland

Which parts of the spermatozoa structure must be viable to fertilize an oocyte?

Head, acrosome, midpiece, tail

What are the different layers of the eye and what makes up each layer?

Outer, fibrous layer = cornea, sclera, & limbus; middle, vascular layer = choroid, ciliary body, iris; inner, nervous layer = retina

What is Proprioception?

Body's ability to sense its position, movement and coordination without needing to look

Describe Smooth muscle.

Involuntary, non-striated

What gives the muscles the energy to contract and relax? What part of the cells make it?

ATP and mitochondria

What is the linea alba and where is it located?

Fibrous band of connective tissue that runs down the midline of the abdomen serves as a central attachment site for the abdominal muscles

Where do you find rods and cones (sensory receptors for vision)?

Retina

What is the name of the site where the ends of motor nerve fibers communicate with muscle fibers, via synaptic vesicles that contain the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

Synaptic vesicle in the neuromuscular junction

What effect does testosterone have in male animals?

Libido, male features, anabolic effect resulting in larger & bulkier body size

What are the major components to the spermatic cord?

Connective tissue, blood & lymph vessels, nerves, & the vas deferens

ENDHERE What are the functions of the specialized epithelium in the nasal cavity?

Humidifies, warms, & filters inhaled air