Unit 3 Exam

Flashcards for Unit 3 Anatomy at OU

What is the Superior Thoracic Aperture?

Passageway for structures communicating between the neck and thoracic cavity

What is the Inferior Thoracic Aperture?

Passageway for structures between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity (closed by diaphragm)

How many Intercostal spaces are there?

11

What ribs are True ribs?

Ribs 1-7

What ribs are False ribs?

Ribs 8-12

What ribs are Floating ribs?

Ribs 11-12

What is the External Intercostal muscle?

What is its Function?

Most superficial muscle in intercostal space, replaced anteriorly by membrane

Elevates ribs

What is the Internal Intercostal muscle?

What is its Function?

Most deep muscle in intercostal space, replaced posteriorly by membrane

Depresses ribs

What is the Innermost Intercostal muscle?

What is its Function?

Muscle only occurring laterally in intercostal space

Depresses ribs

What is the Subcostal muscles?

What is its Function?

Muscle located in Posterior Thoracic region and spans between 3 ribs

Depresses ribs

What is the Transverses Thoracics Muscle origin and insertion?

What is the Function?

Originates on sternum and inserts on the ribs

Depresses ribs

What are the Intercostal Nerves?

How many are there?

Nerves that run from Posterior to Anterior intercostal spaces

11 pairs

What is the Linea Alba?

Line of connective tissue along center of abdomen

What is the Linea Semilunaris?

Identifies lateral border of rectus abdomens muscle

What is the Inguinal Canal?

Oblique passage through inferior portion of anterolateral abdominal wall

What is the External Oblique Muscle?

What is its Unilateral Function?

What is its Bilateral Function?

Abdominal muscle with striations going down and in

Lateral Flexion

Flexes vertebral column and torso, Forced exhalation, and Compresses abdominal wall

What is the Internal Oblique Muscle?

What is its Unilateral Function?

What is its Bilateral Function?

Abdominal muscle with striations going down and out

Lateral Flexion

Flexes vertebral column and torso, Forced exhalation, and Compresses abdominal wall

What is the Transverses Abdominus Muscle?

What is its Bilateral Function?

Abdominal muscle with striations going transversely

Compresses abdominal wall

What is the Rectus Abdominus Function?

What is its Innervation?

Flexes vertebral column, Compresses abdominal wall, and Forced exhalation

Innervated by Thoracic Spinal NN (T7-T12)

What are the Layers of the Rectus Sheath in Order?

1. External Oblique Muscle and Aponeurosis
2. Internal Oblique Muscle and Aponeurosis
3. Transverses Abdominal Muscle and Aponeurosis
4. Rectus Abdominus Muscle

What are the Tendinous Intersections?

Thin tendon fibers that attach to anterior layer of rectus sheath

Three sets divide rectus abdominus muscle into sections (6 pack)

What muscle make a triangle shape and is not always present humans?

Pyramidalis Muscle

What is the Mediastinum?

Area in thoracic cavity that holds everything except the lungs

What is the Mediastinum’s function?

To hold structure loosely together by connective tissue and fat

Allows for movement with changes in volume or pressure in thoracic cavity

What is the Superior Mediastinum?

Division of mediastinum occurring above plane of sternal angle

What is the Inferior Mediastinum?

Division of mediastinum occurring below plane of sternal angle

What are the contents in the Superior Mediastinum?

Superior Vena Cava

Brachiocephalic VV

Thymus

Brachiocephalic Trunk

Left common carotid A

Subclavian AA

Left and Right Vagus NN

Esophagus

Thoracic Duct

Lymph Nodes

Arch of Aorta

Trachea

What is the Anterior Mediastinum?

Division of the Inferior Mediastinum that is between the body of sternum and pericardium

Contents include lymph nodes and fat

What is the Middle Mediastinum?

Division of the Inferior Mediastinum that occurs in medial-most part of mediastinum

Contents include Pericardium, Heart, Ascending Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary AA, Superior Vena Cava, Pulmonary VV, Azygous V, Phrenic NN, Bronchi, and Coronary AA

What is the Posterior Mediastinum?

Division of Inferior Mediastinum that occurs behind heart

Contents include Esophagus, Descending Aorta, Azygous V, Hemiazygous V, Accessory Hemiazygous V, and Thoracic Duct

What is the Pericardium?

Sac that covers heart, composed of Fibrous and Serous Pericardium

What is the Fibrous Pericardium?

Outer layer fused with tunica external of great vessels of the heart and also fused with central tendon of diaphragm

What is the two Serous Pericardium parts?

1. Parietal Layer: Outer Layer that lines inner surface of Fibrous Pericardium
2. Visceral Layer: covers heart and is also called the Epicardium

What is the Epicardium?

Visceral layer of Serous Pericardium (1st Most Superficial Layer)

What is the Myocardium?

Middle cardiac muscle layer (2nd Middlemost layer)

What is the Endocardium?

Lines the inner surface (3rd Deepest layer)

What is a Sulci?

Depression

What is the Coronary Sulcus?

Depression that separates the atria from ventricles

What is the Interventricular Sulcus?

Depression that separates ventricles

What is the Tricuspid Valve?

Right Atrioventricular Valve

What is the Bicuspid Valve?

Left Atrioventricular Valve

What are the two Semilunar Valves?

Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar Valve

What structures are only found in Atria?

Pectinate Muscle and Fossa Ovalis

What structures are only found in Ventricles?

Chordae Tendinae

Trabiculae Carnae

Papillary Muscles

Why is the Heart Autorythmic?

It self initiates the heartbeat without support from outside structures

What is the Heart Conduction system composed of?

Specialized Cardiac Muscle

What is the Heart Conduction system in order from initial heartbeat?

Sinoatrial Node

Atrioventricular Node

AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

Right and Left bundle branches

Purkinje Fibers

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

Start of one heart beat to the next

What is a Systole?

Contraction of a chamber (squeezing)

What is a Diastole?

Relaxing of a chamber (filling with blood)

What is the first part of the cardiac cycle?

What is the second part of the cardiac cycle?

1. Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole

Atrioventricular valves are open to fill ventricles with blood

Semilunar valves are closed to prevent back flow into the ventricles
2. Atrial Diastole and Ventricular Systole

Semilunar valves are open

Atrioventricular valves are closed to prevent back flow into the atria

What do the Two Umbilical AA do in Fetal Circulation?

What is this structure in Adults?

Carry blood and waste away from fetus to placenta

Becomes medial umbilical ligament in Adults

What does the One Umbilical V do in Fetal Circulation?

What is this structure in Adults?

Carries oxygen rich blood to fetus

Becomes round ligament of the liver in Adults

What does the Ductus Venosus do in Fetal Circulation?

What is this structure in Adults?

Allows most blood to bypass the fetal liver and go to the heart

Becomes ligament venosum in Adults

What does the Foramen Ovale do in Fetal Circulation?

What is this structure in Adults?

Allows blood to shunt between the two atria that bypasses lungs and goes directly to the heart

Becomes Fossa Ovalis in Adults

What does the Ductus Arteriosus do in Fetal Circulation?

What is this structure in Adults?

Connects the Pulmonary Trunk to the Aorta

Becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum in Adults

What is the Pericardial Cavity?

Potential space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium

What is the Pleural Cavity?

Potential space between parietal and visceral pleura

What is the Pleura?

Bi-layered serous membrane wrapped around each lung

What is the Visceral Pleura?

Inner layer that is on the lung

What is the Parietal Pleura?

Outer layer that lines the internal surface of thoracic cavity

What is the Costal Pleura?

Parietal pleura division that covers the ribs

What is the Diaphragmatic Pleura?

Parietal pleura division that covers the diaphragm

What is the Mediastinal Pleura?

Parietal pleura division that covers mediastinum

What is the Cervical Pleura?

Parietal pleura division that covers Superior Thoracic Aperture

What structures do both lungs have?

Both have hilum

Both have Base and Apex

Both have Oblique Fissure

What structures do only the Right lung contain?

Transverse fissure

3 lobes: Upper, Middle, Lower

What structures do only the Left lung contain?

2 lobes: Upper and Lower

Cardiac impression

Aortic impression

What is the Trachea function?

What is it composed of?

Functions to take air to and from lungs

Composed of Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic connective tissue, Respiratory Epithelium, Ciliated cells, and Goblet cells

What are the divisions of the Bronchial Tree?

1. Primary Bronchi
2. Secondary Bronchi
3. Tertiary Bronchi
4. Bronchioles (no longer has Hyaline Cartilage, just smooth muscle)
5. Terminal Bronchioles
6. Respiratory Bronchioles
7. Alveolar Ducts (no longer has smooth muscle)
8. Alveolar Sac
9. Alveoli (gas exchange occurs here)

What is the Innervation of the Heart?

Sympathetic: Sympathetic Trunk (increases heartbeat)

Parasympathetic: Vagus NN (slows heartbeat)

What is the Innervation of the Bronchial Tree?

Parasympathetic: Vagus NN (constricts bronchioles)

Sympathetic: Sympathetic Trunk (dilates bronchioles)

What is the Innervation of the Pleura?

Parietal Pleura: Phrenic N innervates diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura; Intercostal N innervates costal and diaphragmatic pleura

Visceral Pleura: Innervated by Vagus N

What are the Coronary AA?

Right Coronary Artery → R Marginal A and Posterior Interventricular A

Left Coronary Artery → Anterior Interventricular A and Circumflex Branch → L Marginal A

What are the Cardiac VV?

Small Cardiac V: Runs by R Marginal A

Great Cardiac V: Runs by Anterior Interventricular A

Middle Cardiac V: Runs by Posterior Interventricular A

All Cardiac VV dump into the Coronary Sinus