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Carrying Capacity
the population size that a government can sustain indefinitely
Overpopulation
the population exceeds the carrying capacity
Demography
the scientific study of populations
Census
a complete count of a population
Ecumene
the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements
Arithmetic Density
number of people per a unit of land
Physiological Density
the number of people supported by a unit of arable land
Agricultural Land
number of people per unit of farmable land
National Increase Rate (NIR)
the percentage by which a population grows a year
Doubling Time
the number of years it will take to double a population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the total number of live births
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the number of births every year
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
the number of infant deaths compared to number of live births
Crude Death Rates (CDR)
the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 living people
Demographic Transition
a process of change in a society’s population from high CBR and CDR and low CRB and CDR
Stage 1
very high CBR and CDR and a low NIR
Stage 2
very high CBR and NIR and low CDR
Industrial Revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Medical Revolution
medical technology invented in Europe and North America to help poorer countries
Stage 3
rapidly declining CBR, declining CDR, neutral NIR
Sage 4
very low CBR, low CDR, neutral or negative NIR
Zero Population Growth
a decline of TFR to a point where NIR is Zero
Sex Ratio
the number of males per 100 females
Potential/Elderly Support Ratio
the number of working age people to the number of elderly people
Population Pyramid
a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender
Dependency Ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
Epidemiology
the branch of medical science that is concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place
Epidemiological Transition
the process of change in the distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Pandemic
an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very large portion of the population at the same time
Pronatalist Policies
a government policy that supports higher birth rates
Antinatalist Policies
a government policy that attempts to achieve a lower birth rate
Note 
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