AP US History Period 5: 1844 - 1877 Slavery, Civil War, and the Transformation of American Society

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Written by ________ depicted the brutality of slavery- this caused northerners to humanize slaves.

Senator Lewis Cass

________ proposed the idea that slavery should be left to the people of that territory.

Lincoln

________ did not permit southern secession, but did not want to start a war.

Literacy tests

________ and poll taxes limited their ability to vote.

Plessy v Ferguson

In ________ (1896), SCOTUS asserted that racial segregation did not violate equal protection guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

Harpers Ferry

In 1859, Brown carried out a raid to acquire weapons from a federal armory in ________, VA, with intention to distribute the weapons to slaves, which would cause a massive slave rebellion.

Appomattox Courthouse

Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally surrendered to Grant at the ________, VA in 1865 Government Policies During the Civil War The Focus of the War: From Union to Emancipation.

Congress

________ issued 3 Legal Tender Acts in 1862 and 1863 which allowed the government to issue paper currency,"greenbacks- "money that was not backed by gold or silver but by the peoples faith in the government.

James Buchanan

The Democratic Party won the election by picking a northern candidate who had southern sympathies, ________, who could get both northern and southern supporters Election of 1860 and Secession The Election of 1860 and the Secession Crisis.

Commodore Matthew C Perry

________ used gunboat diplomacy to open up Japan and secure a treaty that made American trade with Japan possible The Mexican- American War The Mexican War and Westward Expansion.

John Brown

________, a deeply religious anti- slavery activist, along with his sons and several followers, killed five pro- slavery men with swords along the Pottawatomie Creek.

Johnson

________ tried to mobilize white voters against the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1866 midterms, however, the strategy backfired and Republicans won a resounding victory.

Mexican American

The US won early battles in the ________ War (1846- 48), and although Mexico was determined to win, they surrendered when the US captured Mexico City.

Freedmans Bureau

________ was established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4, 000, 000 newly freed black slaves in their transition from slavery to freedom.

Southern states

These were a set of laws passed by ________ to regulate blacks and recreate the conditions of slavery.

General Shermans March

In 1864, ________ to the Sea from Atlanta to Charleston was a military campaign designed to destroy the morale of Southern civilians through burning houses, raiding and looting villages, and making life so unpleasant for Georgias civilians that they would plead to end the war.

Jim Crow laws

________ were a series of segregation laws passed in the southern states, segregating public facilities such as railroad cars, bathrooms, and schools, relegating blacks to second- class status.

Democratic Party

The Compromise of 1877 allowed Hayes to win the presidency, but Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction, paving the way for rule by ________ in the South Failure of Reconstruction From Slavery to Sharecropping.

Union victory

The ________ at Vicksburg, MS, allowed the Union to gain control of the Mississippi river.

Civil War

The ________ spurred rapid industrialization of the North as the Union required a large amount of war materials- guns, bullets, boots, uniforms.

Utah

The Mormons, who had migrated to ________ as a result of religious persecution, arrived in ________ during the Mexican War and ________ became US territory The Ideological Foundations of Manifest Destiny.

Reconstruction

________ refers to the process of reuniting the national following the Civil War.

Lincoln

________ rallied 75, 000 troops after the surrender of Fort Sumter, and the two sides were at war Military Conflict in the Civil War Mobilizing for War.

Johnson

________ vetoed an extension of Freedmans Bureau and a Civil Rights Act that were designed to overturn the Black Codes.

Lincoln

________ suspended habeas corpus, authorizing the arrest of rebels and traitors without due process in order to respond to riots and threats of militia action in the border state of Maryland.

Lincoln

________ went through many generals before settling on Ulysses S. Grant.

Most famous trail to the west was the Oregon Trail

a 2,000 mile route from Missouri to the Pacific

Story of the Donner Party (1846-7) is often repeated

a wagon train of 87 migrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada mountains, of which 48 were rescued

Discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in CA in 1848

the year that California became a US territory

Provided free land in the region to settlers who were willing to farm it

passed with the absence of Democrats from Congress during the Civil War

Included the Sand Creek Massacre

after a settler family was killed by Indians, Colonel Chivington led an attack on a peaceful Cheyenne village killing 150-50 women and children

Later, American diplomats were sent to Belgium by President Pierce to secretly buy Cuba

their goals, written up as the Ostend Manifesto, provoked anger from northern politicians who saw this as an attempt to expand the slavery empire beyond the ConUS California Application for Statehood

Californians wrote up a constitution in which slavery would be illegal, which the Southern senators objected to

Clay and the Senate worked out the Compromise of 1850 in which CA would be admitted as a free state and there would be a harsher fugitive slave law

Although they did not pass as an omnibus (jumbo) bill, bills allowing NM and UT to decide slavery based on popular sovereignty, accepting a new boundary between Texas and Mexico, and banning the slave trade (but not slavery) in Washington all passed individually Sectional Conflict

Regional Differences The North and Immigration

Many Americans thought that the new immigrants who were mostly non-Protestnat, lacked the self-control of proper middle-class Protestant Americans

evidenced by excessive drinking culture

The Know-Nothing Party was a political wing of an anti-Catholic, anti-Irish movement, and achieved electoral success in mainly the Northeast Differing Economic Models

The Free Labor Ideal Versus the Slave System

North population grew fast while South population was slow Abolitionism in the North

Strategies and Tactics

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

SCOTUS overturned the conviction of slave catcher Edward Prigg on the grounds that federal law was superior to state law

Ableman v. Booth

SCOTUS affirmed the legality of the Fugitive Slave Act

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe depicted the brutality of slavery

this caused northerners to humanize slaves

There was a growing popularity of minstrel shows, where whites would perform variety shows in blackface

portraying blacks as lazy, shiftless, dim-witted, and happy-go-lucky

Southern slave-owners became increasingly interested in the religious practices of their slaves, and they built churches on their plantations

ministers would point out that Hebrews owned slaves or that slavery was not condemned by Jesus Failure to Compromise The Deterioration of Relations Between the North and the South

In response, each side wrote up a constitution for Kansas

anti-slavery with the Topeka Constitution and pro-slavery with the Lecompton Constitution

He gave a pointed anti-slavery speech called Crimes against Kansas, where he singled out Senator Butler of SC, and when Butlers nephew heard the news, he beat Sumner with a cane

Northerners saw this as a sign of southern barbarity, southerners made his nephew a hero

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott had been living in Illinois/Wisconsin where slavery was banned by the Northwest Ordinance, however upon returning to Missouri, they were to return to slavery

He sued on the basis that they were free because they had once lived in free areas

however, SCOTUS ruled that Scott was still a slave and could not initiate a lawsuit, and they ruled that Congress did not have the authority to declare the northern portion of the Louisiana Purchase free

SCOTUS also declared that no blacks, even if they were free, could be citizens because they were beings of an inferior order

this indicated to northerners that slavery was a national, rathern than sectional, institution, and that Congress could do little to stop it The Death of the Second Two-Party System

In 1854, former members of the Know-Nothing Party, Conscience Whigs, abolitionists, and former Democrats formed the Republican Party to uphold the free labor ideology

upheld civic virtue and the dignity of labor with an emphasis on economic growth and social mobility

His debates with Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat popularized him and he asked Douglas whether he favored the spread of slavery

to which he responded that he would put forth popular sovereignty

The presence of US troops at Fort Sumter was the spark of the war

the Confederacy decided they would not tolerate the US flag at Fort Sumter, and in 1861, Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the bombardment of the fort

The Civil War spurred rapid industrialization of the North as the Union required a large amount of war materials

guns, bullets, boots, uniforms

Congress issued 3 Legal Tender Acts in 1862 and 1863 which allowed the government to issue paper currency, "greenbacks"

money that was not backed by gold or silver but by the peoples faith in the government

The government created a wide array of taxes, and for the first time, an income tax

tax rates remained modest during the war in the face of widespread public opposition

In 1863, Congress passed the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act to support this move by the president Turning the Tide

Factors in the Union victory

Souths rich military tradition

had able generals and a cohort of military men to draw from

Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse, VA in 1865 Government Policies During the Civil War The Focus of the War

From Union to Emancipation

Congress passed them in 1861 and 1862

the first declared that any slaves working for the Confederacy could be taken as contraband of war, and the second allowed for the seizure of slaves owned by Confederate officials

The war made it clear that the states did not have the autonomy to secede

and after the war, the US was increasingly referred to as a nation, rather than just a union of states Reconstruction The Expansion of Citizenship Following the Civil War

In his second inaugural address, he announced the wanted to reunite the country with malice toward none, with charity for all

he wanted to end the war as soon as possible

The Formal End of Reconstruction

The Election of 1876

Plantation owners wanted to hire groups of blacks to work for them, but blacks wanted their own plot

"forty acres and a mule"

Blacks began to rent land by paying half of their yearly crop to the land owner -this sharecropping system was a compromise

blacks did not have to work under supervision while white plantation owners acquired cotton to be sold on the open market

Poor whites got around these rules with the grandfather clause

guaranteeing a man the right to vote if he or his father or grandfather had the right to vote before the Civil War

Moreover, the Democratic Party often held whites only primaries, and African Americans who spoke out against this were targets of violence and murder

KKK formed in 1866

Historians saw the war as an irrepressible conflict

inevitable because of slavery and conflicts because of free labor ideology