Acids, Bases and Salts Notes

Flashcards about acids, bases, and salts notes

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Substances can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

Acids Properties

Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, feel wet, are proton donors, and include common household substances such as citrus fruits, soda, and vinegar.

Bases Properties

Bases taste bitter, turn red litmus paper blue, feel slippery, are proton acceptors, and include common household substances such as ammonia, antacids, and detergents/soaps.

Neutralization Reaction

Acids and bases react to form water and salt. This is called a neutralization reaction.

pH indicators

pH indicators use color to indicate whether a substance is an acid, base, or neutral; however, they don't give an exact pH value. Some common indicators used in the laboratory are litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.

Neutral pH

Neutral on the pH scale is 7. This means that the substance is neither acidic nor basic. These substances have an equal amount of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH−).

pH of Acidic Solution

Acidic solutions have a pH below 7 and as low as 0. The closer the pH is to zero, the stronger the acid.

Uses for Acids, Bases, and Neutral Solutions

Acids, bases, and neutral substances have many uses in medicine, industry, and at home.

pH equation

pH is defined as the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions. (H+)

Hydrogen Ion

A hydrogen ion is basically just a hydrogen atom which has lost one of its electrons.

Acids example

Hydrogen chloride, because it's a strong acid, will completely dissociate and it's going to form one molecule of hydrogen ion and one chlorine ion.

Defining a Base

A base is any sort of molecule that can accept a hydrogen ion.

Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry proposed that an acid should be any substance that can donate a proton.

Arrhenius acid

The Arrhenius theory proposes that an acid is a substance that can give away a hydrogen atom in the form of an ion (H+) when dissolved in water, producing an aqueous acid.

Bronsted-Lowry base

A Bronsted-Lowry base is a substance that accepts protons.

Conjugate acid

An acid that forms when a base gains a proton.

Conjugate base

A base that forms when an acid loses a proton.

Lewis Acid

A Lewis acid is a substance that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

Lewis Base

A Lewis base is a substance that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.