AP Phsyics 2 Ch 11-12 Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Relation between Temperature and Kinetic Energy

T∝K

Celsius to Kelvin conversion

T_K=T_C+273.15°C

symbol for heat

Q

Symbol for Internal Energy

U

Definition of a calorie formula

c≡Q/mΔT

Energy in a calorie

c=4.186J

Amount of heat gained or lost by a sample

Q=mcΔT

Latent heat formula

Q=mL (m=mass, L=latent heat)

Both the melting and freezing point of water (0°C)

Fusion point

Isobaric

Constant Pressure

Icochoric

Constant Volume

How to find work on a P vs. V graph

area under the curve

Formula for work done ON gas at constant pressure

W=-PΔV

Change in internal eneergy formula

ΔU=Q+W, ΔU=3/2(nRΔT)

Adiabatic Process

No energy enters or leaves the system by heat, ΔU=W

Isochoric Process

Change in energy comes from heat, volume remains constant; ΔU=Q

Isothermal Process

temperature remains constant, W=-Q

Pressure formula

P=nRT/V

Work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process.

W=-nRTln(Vf/Vi)

Formula for work done on an engine

W_engine=|Q_Hot|-|Q_Cold|

thermal efficiency formula

e=1-|Q_C|/|Q_H|

carnot engine efficiency formula

e=1-T_C/T_H

Rate of energy transfer by conduction

P=KA(T_H-T_C)/L (L=length, K=thermal conductivity of a material)

Pressure formula (ch.10)

P=F/A

Universal Gas Law Constant

8.314 (J/molK)

Ideal Gas Law Formula

PV=nRT

Combined Gas Law Formula

(P₁V₁/T₁)=(P₂V₂/T₂)

Convert from atm to Pa

1 atm = 1.01 x 10^5 Pa