music appreciation

chapter 2

sacred music

music written for the church

secular music

no religious ties

gregorian chant

original music of the roman church, conists of a melody set to latin and sung without accomponiment

the church modes

different modes originally used by the roman church

Hildegard

one of the most important composers of the middle ages

troubador song

funny love, folk, or less churchlike songs

minstrels

people that performed the troubador music

baroque period

1600-1750

two main musicians of the baroque period

bach and handel

rhythm (baroque)

unity of mood is expressed by coninuity of rhythmn

dynamics (baroque)

continuity of dynamics for a decently long amount of time, before suddenly going up

chords and basso contunuo

thinking of chord progressions

Modes

scales used in greek music

monophony

music consisting of a single melodic line

ethos of music

belief that music affects character and emotions

chorus

a group singing in greek dramas often commenting on action

lyre

a string instrument used in ancient greece

Kithara

professional lyre used for performances

Aulos

a series of four notes spanning a perfect fourth

harmonia

the organization of pitches and scales in greek theory

pythagoras

greek philosopher who studied the mathematical ratios in music

rhythmn in poetry

early system where music followed poetic meter

gregorian chant

monophonic sacred music of the catholic church

polyphony

music with two or more independent melody lines

organum

early form of polyphony, usually doubling chant with harmony

motet

polyphonic vocal compisition, sacred or secular

secular music

non-religious music often performed by troubadors

sacred music

music for religious text

neumes

early musical notation symbols inidicating pitch

troubadors

poet musicians of mediaval europe

Hildegard von Bingen

composer and visionary of sacred chants

Leonin/perotin

composers of the Notre Dame school, early polyphony

Mass

major sacred vocal work

ars nova

“new art” complex rythmns of music

church modes

early scale used before major/minor system

Madrigal

secular vocal work, often about love

chanson

french secular song

imitative counterpoint

melodies imitating each other in different voices

Josquin des prez

famous composer of motets and masses

Palestrina

italian composer, known for smooth polyphony in church

thomas tallis

english composer of sacred music

Lute

plucked string instrument

recorder

wind instrument used for melody and ensemble playing

opera 

dramatic musical work combining singing, instrumental music, and theater

figured bass

notation system indicating chords over a bass line

monody

solo vocal line with instrumental accomponiment

claudio montoverdi

early barouqe composer, developed opera

expressive ornementation

use of trills, grace notes, and embellishments

recicitative

speech like singing to advance plot in opera

fugue

polyphonic composition where a theme is imitated in different voices

concerto

composition featuring a soloist with orchestral accomponiment

concerto grosso

composition for a group of soloists with orchestra

suite 

instrumental collection of dance movements

sonata

multi movement instrumental work for solo or chamber instruments

oratorio

large scale vocal work with orchestra, sacred but unstaged

george frideric handel

composer of operas and oratoriosB

BACH

master of figure cantatas and organ music

antonio vivaldi

composer of concertos, especially the four seasons

terraced dynamics

sudden shifts between loud and soft

doctrine of affections

music expresses a single emotional state at a time

baroque

1600-1750, three periods

affections