Drugs used to Fight Infections

Sulfonamides

These are antibacterial agents that work specifically against bacteria. Not viruses or fungi.

sulfadiazine and sulfamethizole

Give two examples of sulfonilamides.

Bacteriostatic

Sulfonilamides are _ which refers to them not killing the bacteria directly, but slows their growth.

Folic acid

What do sulfonilamides inhibit in bacteria that is an essential tool for their cell metabolism and dna and protein production.

GI tract

Sulfonilamides is absorbed by

Kidney

Sulfonilamides are excreted by the

E. coli, S. aureus, Kleibsella species, Enterobacter species

Sulfonilamides are bth effective against gram negative and positive bacteria such as (4)?

sulfasalazine

This is a sulfonilamide that inhibits inflammation of the GI tract and is used to treat ulcerative colitis.

ulcerative colitis

sulfasalazine is used to treat what disease?

Uti, otitis media, ulcerative colitis, burns

Sulfonilamide is used to treat what (4) example only

uti, otitis media

The systemic infections where sulfonilamides are used.

Sulfamylon

Mafenide trade name

mafenide

Sulfamylon generic name

Silvadene

Silver sulfadiazine trade name

silver sulfadiazine

Silvadene generic name

Mafenide and silver sulfadiazine

Sulfonamides that are used for burns.

Mafenide

Sulfonamide that is used for infection prevention and that is applied to 2nd and 3rd degree burns.

Silver sulfadiazine

Sulfonamide that is applied to burns to prevent bacterial colonization and infection.

nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stomatitis

Adverse reaction of sulfonilamide in GI tract (6)

weight loss

severe GI tract adverse reaction

Fever and chills, crystalluria, photosensitivity

Other common reactions for sulfonamide

urticaria, pruritus, generalized rashes

Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions (3)

Steven-Johnsons Syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis

severe hypersensistivity (allergic reactions) for sulfonamide

Steven Johnsons syndrome or Toxic epidermal necrolysis

invlove widespread sloughing (shedding) of skin a nd mucous membrane and also leads to internal rgan damage and death.

fever, cough, muscle pain, headache

signs and symptoms of SJS and TEN

Red blisters or wheals

Diagnostic indicator of SJS and TEN

Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia, Aplaxtic anemia

Hematologic reaction for sulfonamide (3)

Aplastic Anemia

Supprssion of bone marrow that results to decrease in production of RBC’s

Kernicterus

It refers to a contraindication if children under 2 years of age consumes sulfonamide.

Jaundice and Hemolytic anemia

Cobtraindications that will possiboy happen to a pregnant woman and her chld if taking sulfonamides.

Group A Beta Hemolytic streptococcal infections

Infection that is cobtraindicated from sulfonamides.

Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis

Sulfonamides do not prevent (2)

Oral anticoagulant

When sulfonamide interacts with this drug, it will increase bleeding

Methotrexate

An immunosuppressant and a drug that sometimes used in chemotherapy which if interacts with a sulfonamide, it supressedthe gone marrow causeing decrease in whte blood cells.

Hydantoin

An anticonvlusant which if interacts with a sulfonamide, it will i crease its serum levels.

Tolbutamide and Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)

Sulfonamides inhibit hepatic metabolism of (2)

Hypoglycemia

Tolbutamide and Diabinese inhibition by Sulfonamide of hepatic metabolism causes

UTI

Confusion in elderly is caused by?

Azulfidine, Azulfidine EN-Tabs

Trade name of Sulfasalazine

trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazone

Urinary Anti Infective Combination for Sulfonamide

Bactrim, Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS

TMP and SMZ trade name

Silvadene, Thermazene, Ssd (Cream)

Trade Name of Silver Sulfadiazine

1-2

Silvadene and Mafenide should be applied how many times a day

penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin

4 examples of antibacterial drugs that distrupt the bacterial cell walls

Bactericidal

refers to antibiotics that blocks the ability of the bacteria to build and repair their cell walls which makes their death.

Penicillin Binding Proteins

penicillin binds into this which is essential for bacterial cell wall construction and division.

Beta lactam

what part of the penicillin binds into PBP’s

Bacteriostatic

If the patient has a low blood level what will hapoen, bacteriostatic or bactericidal

Pinicillinase producing bacteria

Bacteria that produces an enzyme to destroy penicillin

Penicillin, Methicillin, Oxacillin, Amoxicillin

MRSA is resistant to? (4)

Vancomycin resistant enterococci

VRE meaning

1928

Penicillin was discovered on what year

1941

Penicillin’s first clinical use is on what year

Natural Penicillin, Penicillinase resistant penicillin, Aminopenicillins, Extended spectrum penicillin

Four Major groups of penicillin

Natural penicillin

A major group of penicillin with a narrow spectrum

Penicillinase resistant penicillin

Penicillin designed to resist penicillinase

Aminopenicillin

A penicillin with broad specturm, but it is excreted slowly thus lasts long in the body.

Beta Lactamase

An enzyme of the bacteria that inhibits beta lactam

Clavulonic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

Three Beta Lactamase Inhibitors

Amoxicillin and Clavulonic Acid

Augmentin is the combination of

Augmentin

Amoxicillin + Clavulonic Acid

Ampicillin and Sulbactam

Unasyn is a combination of

Unasyn

Ampicillin + Sulbactam

Piperacillin and Tazobactam

Zosyn is a combination of

Zosyn

Piperacillin + Tazobactam

UTI, Septicemia, Meningitis, Intra Abdominal Infection, STI, Pneumonia

6 Common infections treated with penicillin

Pneumococci and Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci

Bacteria Responding to penicillin (2)

Staphylococci

Penicillin G is less effective on?

Penicillin G

This penicillin is less effective of staphylococci

Penicillinase resistant penicillin

What is the substitute of Penicillin G as it is weak on staphylococcus species.

Severe hypotension, Loss of consciousness, acute respiratory distress

Signs of anaphylaxis (3)

Angioedema, Penicillin

Swelling of mouth and throat is called and what drug has this adverse effect?

Decreased effectiveness of contraceptive

Penicillin interacting with oral contraceptives effect.

Increase risk of anaphylactic shock

Penicillin interact with B adregernic blocking agent effect

Decreased effectiveness of penicillin

Penicillin interacts with tetracyclines effect.

Positive

G1 of cephalosporin attacks what gram of bacteria

4 and 5

What generation of Cephalosporin is resistant to B Lactamase

3

Generation of cephalosporin that is used for treatment of gonorrhea and meningitis

UTI

G2 of cephalosporin is used to treat what?

5

What generation of cephalosporin is resistant to MrSA

Cephalexin (Keplex) and Cefazolin (Ancef)

Examples of Gen 1 of cephalosporin

Cefaclor (Raniclor), Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefuroxime (Zinacef)

Examples of Gen 2 of cephalosporin

Cefoperazone (Cefobid), Cefotaxime (Claforan), Cefotriaxone (Rocephin)

Examples of Gen 3 of cephalosporin

Cefepime (Maxipime)

Examples of Gen 4 of cephalosporin

Ceftaroline (teflaro)

Examples of Gen 5 of cephalosporin

Trachomoniasis, Bacterial vaginitis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia

Cephalosporin is used for treatment of post sexual asault care, what are these diseases?

Aminoglycosides

If cephalosporin interact with these drugs, it wil cause an increase in risk of nephrotoxicity

Increase of cephalosporin blood level

Loop diuretics interacts with cephalosporin will cause

Probenecid (Benemid)

It also causes an increase in blood level of cephalosporin aside from loop diuretics, it is used for gour pain treatment

Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidame

Probenecid (benemid) is dangerous to interact with cephalosporins, but what are the exemptions.

72 hours

in taking cephalosporins, how many hours should a patient not drink an alcohol beverage

Meropenem (merrem v), imipenem - cilastatin ( primaxim), Doripenem ( Doribax)

Three types of Carbapenem

Meropenem ( Merrem V )

A type of carbapenem used to treat Intra abdominal infections and Meningitis

Imipenem - cilastatin

A type of carbapenem used to treat septicemia and endocarditis

Telavancin (Vibativ) , Oritavancin (Orbactiv)

Two types of Vancomycin derivatives

Positive

Vancomycin inhibit what gram bacteria cell wall

Oritavancin ( Orbactiv)

A vancomycin that is used to treat patients with MRSA,and streptococcus

Vancomycin ( Vanconcin)

It is used to treat patients with C. diff

Aztreonam

An example of monobactam

Aztreonam

Renal and hearing impairments is caused by what type of drug ( inhibits cell wall synthesis)