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define Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
continuous emotional care from a primary attachment figure, usually the mother, is essential for a child's psychological development
the absence of this care can lead to emotional and behavioural issues in later life
Bowlby’s 44 thieves study
to investigate the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on children's emotional and social development
selected 44 children who had been referred to a child guidance clinic for stealing and 44 children who had been referred to a child guidance clinic for emotional problems but had not yet committed any offenses. pps were matched on similar IQs and age, parents were interviewed about the child’s early life
14/44 from the thief group were identified as affectionless psychopaths and 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation for more than 6 months before 2 years old.
2/44 from the control group had experienced prolonged separations but 0/44 were classified as affectionless psychopaths
concluded that maternal deprivation in the child’s early life caused permanent emotional damage and increased likelihood of criminal behaviour in later life
list 4 problems with Bowlby’s research
interview data
retrospective data
researcher bias
correlational data
how does affectionless psychopathy make someone more likely to offend
disruption of attachment before the age of 2 years can lead to impaired ability to relate to others
define affectionless psychopathy
a lack pf normal affection, shame, or sense of responsibility
‘delinquent‘ behaviour
one strength of Bowlby’s research is it has real world applications
Bowlby showed that emotional separation would have negative effects on a child’s development
therefore it may be possible to prevent the negative effects by providing a child with substitute emotional care in the event that their attachment with their caregiver disrupted
define superego
morality principal
causes anxiety when desires of the Id are considered an d guilt when these are carried out
develops during phallic stage
weak superego
develops when child does not identify with their same-sex parent
little control over the Id’s impulses allowing gratification of the Id regardless of social constraints
deviant superego
develops when child identifies with the same-sex parent who is immoral criminal
guilt is not felt in response to criminal behaviour
harsh superego
develops when child identifies with a very strict parent
person feels anxious most of the time since acting on their Id’s desires would elicit punishment from their superego
results in person committing crimes to get caught and be punished to try alleviate the guilt
one strength of psychodynamic theories is they recognise the importance of emotional factors
Freud’s notion of the weak, deviant, and harsh superegos recognise how anxiety and rejection cam contribute to offending behaviour
a key criticism of other theories (e.g. cog) is that emotions are overlooked. the psychodynamic theory also incorporates bio factors
therefore, less reductionist than other approaches
one limitation of psychodynamic theories is they are genderbiased
Freud stated that women develop a weaker superego than men because they do not identify with the same sex parent as strongly