APWH Unit 8 + 9 Class Notes

European Economic Community

Members reduced tariffs and developed common trade policies, renamed European Union

Marshall Plan

US plan to rebuild Europe from the devastation of WW2 (12 billion), Harry S Truman and George Marshall (secretary of state), Humanitarian concern, effort to prevent another depression, successful, European economies grew rapidly, widespread prosperity and better living standards

Japan under American Occupation

Occupied by American forces from 1945 to 1952, forced to adopt a democratic form of government/ faced demilitarization, Japan becomes dependent on the US for military security, Japan economy grew rapidly/economic giant on the world stage

Germany and Europe post WWII

Europe lies in ruins, Soviet controls Eastern Europe, Germany divided into east (Communist)/west (Democratic

Cold War

45-year competition about values , US and West vs Soviet Union and East: Totalitarianism, state-centered socialism, and communism, both the US/Soviet Union can ruin one another, USSR created first Hydrogen bomb—more powerful than the atomic bombs on Japan

How U.S and West were politically wise during Cold War

democracy, individual freedom, and market economy

How Soviet Union and East were politically wise during Cold War

Totalitarianism, state-centered socialism, and communism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Defensive alliance between the US and Western Europe (1st time the US entered into a peacetime military alliance)

Warsaw Pact

Defensive alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries

Hydrogen Bomb

Much more powerful than the Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Defensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe (1st time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance)

Warsaw Pact

1950- Defensive alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries.

Harry Truman --- Foreign Policys

Containment, Truman Doctrine, Berlin Airlift, NSC-68

Containment

Do not let Communism spread, resist it

Truman Doctrine

Help “free peoples” resist Communism)

Berlin Airlift

Soviets block access to west Berlin. Truman orders

supplies airlifted, 2.3 million tons of supplies

Mao Zedong

leads Communist takeover in China (rival to Soviet Union)- Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War reactions

Increased fears of communist domination, led to tensions during Cold War, U.S. spent $3 million in support of Nationalists, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed

National Security Report (NSC-68)

1950, emphasizes Soviet aggression, calls for massive U.S. military buildup, increased military aid to U.S. allies

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party, leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), tried to rapidly convert the Chinese economy to socialism by industrialization and collectivization known as Great Leap Forward

Great Leap Forward

Radical social and economic campaign in China led by Mao Zedong, aimed at rapid industrialization and agricultural modernization, disaster for the Chinese people due to farmers inability to meet quota expectations,, caused The Great Chinese Famine

Great Chinese Famine

Causes by Great Leap Forward, nearly 30 million people died of hunger

Chinese Revolution Goals

To combat capitalism that could be infiltrating the Communist Party (preserve communism)

Chinese revolution outcome

Brought healthcare/education to the countryside, reinvigorated rural industrialization under local control, used Red Guards to quell opposition, young people organized to get rid of the capitalists in China

Deng Xiaoping

Leader of PRC after Mao Zedong death, removed land from rich for use of agriculture land for peasants (not ownership), increased production/helped reverse effects of Great Leap Forward

2 main reasons China succeeded under Deng Xiaoping

Government chose to make gradual changes keeping the monopoly of the Communist Party and reform process began from the bottom and later expanded to the top

Reforms under Deng Xiaoping

Peasants able to return to individual farms/sell food at markets, China open to foreign companies in special economic zones, protest at TChinese

Tienanmen square

Anti-foreign students protested at this square, government soldiers crushed protest using tanks/guns, killed hundred, Chinese government denied events

Proxy war

One or more third parties directly/indirectly support one or more state or nonstate combatants in an effort to influence the conflict’s outcome

Examples of proxy war

Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, China, Cuba

Korea war

Proxy war showcasing U.S/SU ideological conflict and military competition, Korea divided by communist north Korea/democratic South Korea at 38th parallel, long stalemate, manifestation of the US's containment policy

Vietnam War

prolong conflict that was a proxy war, communist north Vietnam/democratic South Vietnam combined, conventional warfare, guerrilla warfare, and jungle warfare

Cold War in Afghanistan

Marxists take power in 1978 (extension of communism), Afghans opposed government due to radical land reforms and the women’s liberation movement, Soviet forces intervened to prevent an overthrow- 1979-1989 (called a “bleeding wound”), US aids Afghan guerillas, USSR withdraws in 1989 and the communist regime quickly collapse

Cold War in Cuba

Communists under Fidel Castro come to power in the 1960s, Khrushchev secretly deployed missiles to Cuba, US reconnaissance discovers missiles in Cuba, JFK sets up a blockade of Cuba when USSR refuses to withdraw, Soviets didn’t engage with US Navy, pulling the world back from the closest point of nuclear war

How does the Cold War in Cuba end?

Compromise that US won’t attack Cuba is USSR removes missiles, communist regime persisted

Cuban Missile Crisis

direct confrontation between the US & USSR, the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

1959 Soviets test first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), US tests in same year. No matter which country might launch first, both would be destroyed, resulting in a balance of terror

Anti-nuclear Weapon Movement

people worldwide protested and signed petitions against the development of nuclear weapons, beginning in 1954 with Japan

Non-aligned movement

countries that stayed out of formal alliances and played each side against the other in return for financial assistance

Nationalist Activity in INdia

1+ million Indians enlisted in the British Army in WW1, Indians promised reforms that would lead to self- government but Britain didn’t follow through, led to protests/violence against British Rule, Rowlatt Acts

Rowlatt Acts

Allowed British gov’t to jail protesters w/o trial, caused outrage among Indians

Amritsar Massacre

Most people were not aware of the Rowlatt Acts, to protest the acts, they gathered in Amritsar Square, protesters fired on by soldiers and massacred

Mohandas Gandhi

merged as the leader of Indian independence movement, blended religious ideas from all five major world religions, used civil disobedience

Civil disobedience

deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law

Indian Civil Disobedience

Boycotts, Gandhi urged Indians to weave own cloth/spent up to 2 hrs/day doing so himself, sales of British cloth in India dropped sharply, Strikes/demonstrations, British struggled to keep factories running, jails overcrowded, protest sometimes violent

Boycotts

Refusal to buy British goods, pay British taxes etc.

Salt March

Nonviolent protest, salt Acts, Gandhi/his followers walked to sea and made own salt, other demonstrators planed a March to gov’t salt-processing site, police attacked demonstrators who refused to defend themselves

Salt Acts

Indians could only buy salt from the gov’t, high taxes

Limited self-rule in India

Gandhi/his followers finally reaped rewards of their efforts, British parliament allowed limited democratic elections but not full independence, India doesn’t achieve total independence until 1947

Nikita Khrushchev

Took over after Stalin died, became new Soviet leader, started policy of de-stalinization, teared down statues/renamed places, Khrushev lost support after Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders ruled like dictators

De-Stalinization

Purging the country of Stalin’s memory

US & Soviet Union Lower Tensions

1970’s US & USSR stop brinkmanship, move toward lowered tensions, JFK assassinated in 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson became president

Lyndon B. Johnson

committed to stopping spread of communism, decided to escalate involvement in Vietnam Warvery unpopular move and led to protests

Détente

US embraced policy of détente:lessening of Cold War tensions under Pres. Richard Nixon

realpolitik

dealing w/ other nations in practical & flexible mann,

President Richard Nixon

1st American president after WWII to visit Communist China/Soviet Union, 33 nations joined US & USSR in signing a commitment to détente & cooperation, called Helsinki Accords

Helsinki Accords

major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).

SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

Nixon began negotiation w/ USSR during this, SALT froze the number of missile launchers at existing levels, first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.

Salt II

Second round of US/USSR talks, sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons, first nuclear treaty seeking real reductions on both sides

Star Wars

Presidents Ford, Carter, and Reagan, all had to deal w/ continuing tensions w/ Soviet Union, Reagan took office in 1981/announced program to protect against enemy missiles called Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): named program Star Wars, after the popular movie, but never done

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

aimed at protecting the United States from nuclear missile attacks., named after move, never done

Mikhail Gorbachev

Becomes Soviet head of government, understands Soviet economy cannot compete with West/increasing tensions, tries to reform USSR with glasnost, pressured to reform USSR when Reagan gives speech in Germany challinging Gorbachev to “tear down this wall'“

glasnost

Openness, allows churches to open, releasing dissidents from prison, and allowed publication of previously banned authors

What happens when the wall falls

Soviet people free to make choices about government for first time, Gorbachev not supporting Soviet Union split, so people looking to vote in a new Leader, Boris Yeltsin (former mayor of Moscow), shock Therapy- abrupt shift to capitalist (market) economy

Boris Yeltsin (former mayor of Moscow)

Russian Republic’s 1st directly elected president

shock Therapy

Abrupt shift to capitalist (market) economy

republics & signed Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Signed by Yeltsin and leaders of 15, loose confederation of former Soviet territories (death of Soviet Union), included places like Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, etc, with majority of Soviet Union turning back to name Russia, Christmas Day 1991, Yeltsin announced resignation as president of Soviet Union, a country that no longer exists

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Following WWII: Jewish people gain land along the Mediterranean Sea, Arabs, especially Palestinians are unhappy with this, believed the land belonged to them

What is Israel today like?

Democratic state, Palestine consists of: Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, three different groups claim this land such as Jews: 3000 years ago, Jewish kings ruled this land from Jerusalem, Palestinians (Muslims and Christians): land had belonged to them since Jews were driven out in 135 AD, Arabs: Claimed the land since conquest of the area in the 7th century

What happened when Israel becomes a state?

Jewish people driven out of Palestine, Jews began returning in the 19th and 20th cent, 1947: UN General Assembly voted to separate Palestine into two parts Arab-Palestine State, Jewish State (Israel- May 14th, 1948), Palestinians unhappy w/ settlement, many countries pitied Jews following the Holocaust

Zionists

People who favored a Jewish homeland in Palestine

1948 Arab-Israeli War

SIx countries, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudia Arabia, SYria ivaded Israel day after it was proclaimed as a state, ended in victory for Israel in a few months, war would break out again in 1956, 1967, and 1973

international terrorism

FBI defines it as “violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations”

Radical Islamic groups

Al Qaeda, Hamas, Taliban, Hezbollah, Boko Haram (West Africa), often claim responsibility for terrorist attacks, not representative of Islam as a whole

Taliban

Government in Afghanistan, a strict Islamic Sunni-Muslim group, enforces Sharia Law, attract global anger by supporting terrorism both directly and indirectly

Taliban direct support of terrorism

terrorist training camps (Al-Qaeda)

Taliban indirect support of terrorism

Financial assistance

Taliban Rules for Women

ban on women's work outside the home, activity outside house unless accompanied by mahram, studying at schools, laughing loudly, using cosmetics, wearing bright color clothes, requires women wear long veil, women whipped in public for not covering ankles a requirement for women to stay indoors

mahram

Close male relative such as a father, brother or husband

Other Taliban Rules & Restrictions

Banned the watching of movies, television and videos, and listening to music (for both men and women), anyone who converts from Islam to any other religion will be executed

What is Al Qaeda?

1989, network of Jihadists dedicated to removing the US from Saudi Arabia and to instigate a Jihad (struggle or fight against enemies of Islam), founders is Osama Bin Laden

What was Al Qaeda comiited to doing?

Attacking and killing Americans, with no distinction between civilians or military personnel

Attacks by Al Qaeda

1993 World Trade Center, 1993 Assisted with rebels in Somalia, 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia, 1998 US Embassies bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, 2000 attack on USS Cole in Yemen

What distractions kept America from realizing the true threat of Al Qaeda?

Rapid collapse of the Soviet Union, WTC was regarded as a random act of terror, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols – Oklahoma City Bombing, Monica Lewinsky Scandal, impeachment trial, presidential Election (Florida) Bush vs. Gore, U.S actively fighting in 2 countries—Iraq/Afghanistan

How America responded to Sept. 11, 2001

Oct. 7, 2001 U.S. and Great Britain launch attacks on Taliban, Taliban defeated early Dec, Bin Laden escaped capture at first, May 2, G.W. Bush uses War on Terror to include Iraq for supporting global terrorism, Saddam Hussein, Pres. of Iraq, believed to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), March 2003 U.S., G.B., and other countries attack, controversial when no massive stockpiles of WMDs were found.

War in Iraq

Early April 2003, Saddam Hussein’s regime had fallen, Dec. 15 Saddam captured while hiding/US keeps him in custody until new Iraqi government tries/convicts him of crimes against humanity (then executed), fighting continues against insurgents: an armed uprising, or revolt against an established civil or political authority

Casualties of Iraq War

Financial cost to the US: $1.4-4 trillion, US military deaths: 6,600

Main Weapon in Iraq war

Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) aka roadside bombs

Was Terrorism defeated with the Death of Bin Laden in 2011?

No, radical Islam and global Jihad continue to spread today, more radical groups are on the move, radical Islam spread throughout Africa, Middle East, and Europe because of this- Mali, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan, Chechnya who have a majority Muslim population/are still emerging countries with a history of foreign influence

Arab Spring

Radical group, mass pro-democratic protests cause toppling of the govt’s of Egypt, Libya, Syria beginning in 2011(organized via social media like Facebook)