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Children who make efforts to gain competence in different areas to be able to accomplish goals in the modern world are what stages?
Erikson’s Industry vs inferiority (6-12 yrs)
The understanding that an individual can be viewed in terms of certain psychological traits is called what?
The psychological self
What are stable patterns of responding to specific situations called?
Trait
What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism (emotional instability), openness / intellect.
Personality traits combine to form personality types called?
Self-concept
Emotional/cognitive, behavioural and environmental factors interact to influence self competence is called what?
Reciprocal Determinism
What did Albert Bandura suggest?
children’s view of themselves is dynamic
Around 7-8 years, children start to focus on what?
other’s inner traits as well along with physical features.
Barenboim’s study (1981) examined what?
shift in children’s description of their friends.
An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation is called?
Self-esteem
Around age 7, self-esteem is relatively:
high, declining slightly during adolescence
Chronically low self-esteem could:
affect functioning in high anxiety, higher chances of failure; a cycle
An individual’s belief in their capacity to execute intended actions is called?
Self-efficacy
Authoritative parenting with constructive criticism could promote:
self-esteem
What explains how being a racial minority potentially affects self-esteem?
Social identity theory
Children who believe that rules are fixed and unchangeable is called:
Piaget’s moral realism stage
Children who believe that rules can be changed through social agreement is called:
Piaget’s moral relativism stage
Individuals pass through a fixed order of stages of moral development in what?
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
What is the first level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Preconventional Morality
What is stage 1 of Preconventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Obedience and punishment orientation
What is stage 2 of Preconventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Reward orientation
What is level 2 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Conventional Morality
What is stage 1 of Conventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
“Good boy” morality
What is stage 2 of Conventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Authority and Social order maintaining morality
What is level 3 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Postconventional morality
What is stage 5 of Postconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Morality of contract, individual rights and law
What is stage 6 of Postconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Morality of individual principles and conscience
What are some criticism for Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Based on Western industrialized society, Only explains moral judgement, Can’t distinguish between social convention and moral reasoning, Difficulty explaining female morality
What are the stages of Gilligan’s theory of female morality?
Orientation toward individual survival (stage 1), good as self-sacrifice (stage 2), morality of nonviolence (stage 3)
What is stage 1 in Gilligan’s theory of female morality?
Orientation toward individual survival: Focus on what is best for self
What is stage 2 in Gilligan’s theory of female morality?
Goodness as self-sacrifice; woman sacrifices for good
What is stage 3 in Gilligan’s theory of female morality?
Morality of nonviolence; hurting anyone is seen as immoral
Middle childhood is accompanied by:
close bonds, making best friends and friend circles.
What are Damon’s Stages of Friendship?
Friendship based on other’s behaviour ( 4-7 years), Friendship based on trust (8-10 years), Friendship based on psychological closeness (11-15 years)
What is the Friendship based on other’s behaviour (4-7 years) stage in Damon’s Stages of Friendship?
Children make friends through play, shared interests and sharing toys
What is Friendship based on trust (8-10 years) stage in Damon’s Stages of Friendship
Children take into account personal qualities and reciprocal trust
What is Friendship based on psychological closeness (11-15 years) stage in Damon’s Stages of Friendship?
Children develop feelings of closeness, loyalty and mutual understanding
Social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in a social setting is called?
Social Competence
Using strategies to successfully solve social conflicts is called?
Social problem solving
Unpopular children may feel trapped in their situation is an example of:
Learned Helplessness
Evaluation of the role played by a group member is called:
Social status
Higher status is related to greater:
likeability, higher number of friends, higher social activity.
Being helpful and cooperative, Have higher social competence and problem solving abilities, Be better at interpreting behaviour, Sometimes show some aggressive behaviours are tendencies of:
Popular children
Programs aiming to teach social competence target children’s skills in participating in conversations is called:
Social Problem Solving
Study found that training in social competence was associated with
higher self-esteem and peer acceptance
Unjust use of power to deliberately and repeatedly hurt a person physically or mentally is called?
Bullying and Aggression
Physical harm done to victims is called:
Physical bullying
Attacks on a child’s reputation or self-esteem is called:
Relational bullying
Spreading malicious information about victims online is called:
Cyber bullying
Bullying victims tend to lack
social skills, face anxiety and can develop serious mental health issues
Bullies usually come from:
abusive homes, low SES families, have tendencies of lying
Ranking that represent the relative social power of those in a group is called:
Dominance Hierarchy
Middle childhood sees an increase in what kind of friendship?
same sex
With higher age, closest friendships have a higher chance of forming within:
the same race
Children integration efforts in school can increase:
mutual acceptance between different races among children.
A period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behaviour is called:
Coregulation
The ability to control behaviour according to to appropriate standards without direct supervision is called:
Self-regulation
Middle childhood parenting is
less involved; aimed at teaching self-regulation by 6-12 yrs
Study with Canadians found that:
Overcontrolling mothers âžť introverted children permissive mothers âžť aggressive children
Children in most single parent households live with mothers. • Possibility of lower financial stability is what family structure?
Single parent families
Parents, grandparents and children live together, providing rich social experience is what family structure?
Multi-generational families
Remarried couples with at least one step-child, or with role ambiguity is what family structure?
Blended families and non-binary parents
What parenting style encourages children’s independence by giving them autonomy?
Free-range parenting
What are parent-less children?
Housed in group homes or residential treatment centres
The quality of bond between children and the caretaker determines:
developmental outcomes
Note 
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