APUSH Period 1-5

maize cultivation

The production and distribution of corn, know at this time as maize. The crop itself was grown from present day Mexico to the now American Southwest. Through this cultivation economic development and diversification was fostered.

hunter-gather economy

The people of this system live chiefly by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food. Most Native Americans used this system before becoming agricultural economies.

agricultural economy

A type of economy that that relied on farming. The spread of maize cultivation allowed more Native Americans to become farmers.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Each region was significantly impacted as a result of trade and contact.

Portuguese exploration

Enjoyed a head start on exploration because of its location in Europe. Became one of the early economic powers because of their commercial network along the African coast to set up trading posts for gold and slaves.

Spanish exploration

The first European country to seize the opportunities (God, Gold Glory) created by the New World. Instituted encomienda system. The conquistadores destroy native populations.

encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax and enslave local Native Americans created by the Spanish. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity. Disguised form of slavery.

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service. New World exploration changed this system to more capitalism.

capitalism

An economic system that developed in Europe following New World Exploration. Investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

plantation-based agriculture

Big farms that were supported by the encomienda system. Indian labor was used in this. Labor was eventually replaced with slave labor. Mainly in found southern North America and in South America/the Caribbean.

mestizos

Race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Native Americans in Latin America.

the Black Legend

The belief that the Spanish only stole, killed, and tortured in the Americas, without a positive outcome.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World,". He made 4 voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492.

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish monk who wrote a scathing account of Spanish treatment of the Native Americans. He devoted most of his life to protecting American Indians from Spanish exploitation.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

An apologist of Spanish exploitation of Native Americans. His reasons were that Indians were barbarous and inhuman and therefore did not deserve to own property. Instead they are destined to serve their natural masters; the Spaniards.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

James Oglethorpe

English leader who founded the colony of Georgia as a place where debtors from England could begin new lives

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

joint-stock company

A business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone. English entrepreneurs used joint-stock companies to finance the establishment of New World colonies, such as Jamestown in 1607.

yeoman farmer

Lower-middle class farmers in the South; largest social class. Rarely owned slaves.

indentured servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. Popular in Chesapeake Region.

starving time

Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown during which colonists died in droves from starvation.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: Protected the Catholics religion from Protestants.

Chesapeake region

Area comprised of Virginia and Maryland.

One-crop economy (tobacco) little development of towns.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia. Founded by London Company. 1607.

Pilgrims

English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania in 1681.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay in 1630's. Believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.

William Penn

Established liberal policies such as religious freedom and civil liberties. Tried to treat Native Americans more fairly. Found Pennsylvania in 1681.

Anne Hutchinson

Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine and gender roles. Moves to Rhode Island after banishment.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Pequot War

1637. Conflict between the Puritans of Mass. Bay and the Pequot tribe. Caused by colonists moving closer and closer to the Pequot tribe area and conflicts arise over unfair trading and destruction of crops; Ended up killing Pequot tribe.

King Philip's War

1675-1676: Marked the last major effort by the Indians of New England to drive out the English settlers. Massachusetts Bay won the war. But the war inflicted a lasting defeat on New england Indians. Also called Metacom's War.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and were diminished by Revolutionary War. They reflected the policy of mercantilism. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with rest of Europe. Loosely enforced by Britain (salutary neglect) until F+I War 1754.

Great Migration

1630s- 70,000 refugees (mostly Puritans) left England for New World. Puritans founded Massachusetts Bay colony.

Headright System

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. Increased gap b/w rich and poor in Southern colonies.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document that allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members to increase membership.

Middle Passage

African slaves' voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long and treacherous journey during which slaves endured appalling and often deadly conditions

Bacon's Rebellion

1676. Virginia. Backcountry farmers wanted to a raise a militia and attack nearby tribes. Governor Berkeley refused, farmers (many indentured servants) rebelled. Result: Rebellion failed, showed conflict b/w East and Backcountry, and lead to increase in manageable labor force (African slaves).

Salem Witch Trials

1692-Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trial in Massachusetts colony. 18-20 people were hanged as witches. Accusers, mostly young girls, turned the town against prominent members. (poor vs. rich).

Jonathan Edwards

1730s-40s. Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god" who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.

George Whitefield

English clergyman credited with starting the 1st Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) in America along with Jonathan Edwards, also a leader of the "New Lights." Known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons through emotion.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1730's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Home to many Presbyterian churches, people very independent. Supporters of Revolution against English.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

1st Great Awakening

(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies that brought emotion to religion. Led to the division of churches. Leaders: G Whitefield and J Edwards.

Molasses Act (1733)

Act that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies, least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling. Occurred during salutary neglect period.

salutary neglect

1600's-1763. An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies. ("Hands off Policy"). The English ceased practicing "hands off" following British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763.

Mercantilism

English Economic policy of 1600's-1763; sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade. Colonies served interest of mother country through importation of its raw materials.

The 3 Gs

God, Glory, Gold. Causes for European Exploration, especially the Spanish.

Stono Rebellion

1739, South Carolina - One of the 2 major slave rebellions (also NY City Slave Rebellion) during colonial America, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Pueblo (Pope's) Revolt

1680, revolt of native Americans leader named Pope. Killed Spanish colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for many years. Spanish began to accommodate natives after revolt.

Abigail Adams

(1744-1818) At age 19, Abigail married John Adams. When John Adams became the 2nd president of the United Sates, this made Abigail Adams the 2nd first lady. We have learned about the fight for independence from her letters that she wrote to John Adams.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. (173)

Articles of Confederation

(1781) First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. (163)

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. (191)

Bill of Rights

(1791) Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. (182)

Committees of Correspondence

(1772 and after) Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets. (120)

corridos

narrative ballads that feature heroes/social bandits, historical figures and events, and political issues; have rhyme scheme abcb

Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776) Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide. (137)

Democratic-Republicans

1790s, this party follows a strict interpretation of the constitution and favors a small government. They want the US to be a nation of small, independent farmers. Madison and Jefferson are a part of this and it was not a party developed formally when Washington was in office.

Farewell Address (George Washington)

(1796) George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge allegiances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. (193)

Federalism

A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other.

Federalists

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. (173)

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

(1754-1763) Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. (104)

French-American Alliance

Gave America source of desperately needed money, supplies & troops. Confronted Britain with an international war that challenged its domination of the Atlantic World. It was an unlikely alliance since France was a Catholic monarchy and America was Protestant federation of republicans. French foreign minister Conte Vergennes was determined to avenge loss of Canada to Britain. Was secretly loaning to the colonies and than established a formal alliance after the Battle of Saratoga. We used the French's rivalry with Britain to win them over. We agreed that neither side would sign a peace treaty without the "liberty, sovereignty & independence" of America

French Revolution

(1789-1799) A period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Intolerable Acts

(1774) Series of punitive measurements passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods. (122)

Iroquois Confederacy

(late 1500s) Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. (36)

Jay's Treaty

(1794) Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary War debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. (193)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

(1798-1799) Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. (198)

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories." (139)

Mission System (Spanish System)

attempt by catholic church to incorporate indians into spanish colonial society --> teaching indians agricultural methods and catholic religion, providing inconsistent protection from exploitative spanish soldiers and settlers, expecting indians to serve as servants and laborers, and spreading european diseases to indian tribes

natural rights philosophy (John Locke)

He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society. Locke used the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification for understanding legitimate political government as the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their lives, liberty, and property.

Northwest Ordinance

(1787) Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories. (166)

Paxton Boys

(1764) Armed march of Philadelphia Bay by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. (80)

Pinckney's Treaty

(1795) Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. (193)

Pontiac's Rebellion

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as means to put down the rebellion. (109)

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies. (111)

Radical Whigs

Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights. (113)

Republicanism

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule. (113)

"republican motherhood"

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue. (159)

"rights of Englishmen"

Term prevalent in seventeenth-century England and America referring to certain historically established rights, beginning with the rights of the Magna Carta, that all English subjects were understood to have. These included the right not to be kept in prison without a trial, the right to trial by jury, security in one's home from unlawful entry, and no taxation without consent, among others

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

separation of powers

A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government executive, legislative, and judicial-to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. From this premise, adison developed his system of checks & balances setting power against power.

Adam Smith

1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country, (Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Shay's Rebellion

(1786) Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. (167)

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. (117)

Stamp Act

(1765) Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims. (116)

tidewater (as distinguished from Piedmont)

Areas of low, flat plains near the seacoast of Virginia and North Carolina. The gentry controlled this area in Colonial America.