Public Health Exam 3

Binge drinking and heavy drinking

binge: 4 drinks in a night (women) 5 drinks in a night (men)

heavy: >8 drinks/week (women) >15 drinks/week (men)

consequences of alcohol consumption

Immediate - injuries and violence, alcohol poisoning, risky sex

Long-term - chronic conditions, cancer, learning and memory problems, mental health, addiction

 social - unemployment, les productivity/motivation, intrapersonal complications 

Binge drinking and heavy drinking

binge: 4 drinks in a night (women) 5 drinks in a night (men)

heavy: >8 drinks/week (women) >15 drinks/week (men)

consequences of alcohol consumption

Immediate - injuries and violence, alcohol poisoning, risky sex

Long-term - chronic conditions, cancer, learning and memory problems, mental health, addiction

 social - unemployment, les productivity/motivation, intrapersonal complications 

Leading preventable cause of death in US

cigarette smoke

consequences of smoking

• Cancer 

• Chronic disease (TB, diabetes, etc.)

• Ectopic pregnancy and birth defects 

• Arthritis and immunodeficiency 

• 90% of lung cancer deaths caused by smoking

Historical trends around smoking 

• Strong use started early 1900s 

• 1920s, lung cancer rates rose 

• 1940-50 studies begin and show CAUSATION

• 1964- first report on smoking released 

• 2022 - 11.65 of US adults smoking cigs  

Access to medical care is part of the ____ function of pubH 

assessment

medicare

• People 65 and older or younger w/ disabilities 

• Deductions from employee paychecks cover these costs 

• Medicare part c is private health insurance with extra benefits

• Paid for by medicare (fixed amount) and individuals pay a fixed amount

Medicaid

• ⅕ of pop covered by medicaid 

• Coverage for low-income, children, elderly, pregnant, disabled

• Eligibility decided by state and household income 

• CHIP for children whose families income is too high

• Challenges with Medicare and Medicaid 

care:

• People still have to pay deductions and shit 

• Does Not cover eyes teeth and hearing

• Pays more than it makes overall

caid:

• Most funding goes to long term care of elderly and disabled, which takes away from children, parents, and pregnant 

premium

ammt you pay for insurance annually/monthly

coinsurance

percent of your bill you pay after deductible is paid

out of pocket maximum

 the most you would have to pay annually 

 Why are uninsured people are a concern 

• Risk of medical debt 

• Push off doctors visits so increased emergency room visits 

• Cost of the uninsured treatment can be pushed to others so higher insurance costs for those who do pay

• Affordable Care Act 

• Made it so treatment cannot be denied without insurance 

• Removed High premiums for women and those with chronic conditions 

• Made it so insurance companies cant deny care or raise premiums b/c of prior conditions, or have lifetime limits

• Expands preventative care like wellness visits and vaccinations

• More affordable drugs

reasons for high healthcare expenditure in the US

• Performs so many ct and mri scans 

• High physician salary w/ low amount of physicians in US 

• Malpractice fears and defensive medicine 

• Strategies to control healthcare cost 

• Flat fees for a hospital stay based on condition 

• Reduce drug prices

• Outcomes Research 

• Analyzes data from everyday medical practice like medicare records

• Health Services Research 

• Studies the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of the healthcare system

• Assess the quality of medical care

canada healthcare system

• Single payer system 

• Funded by taxes 

• Some out of pocket expenses for things like prescriptions but otherwise free 

• Longer wait times

• Lower per capita healthcare costs 

• No deductibles 

uk healthcare system

• Taxes and national insurance contributions 

• Some fees for prescriptions and such 

• Optional private insurance for faster access to specialists and private hospitals 

• Can be longer but prioritized based on severity of situation

• Lower administrative costs and overall healthcare spending

Role of local Government 

Funded by local taxes, service fees, and federal gov 

• Collect healthcare statistics 

• Conducting cdc programs 

• Screenings, immunizations

• Health education

• Sanitization in schools, workplaces, public spaces, etc. 

• Maternal, child, and low income healthcare

Role of state Government 

• Coordinate duties of local agencies 

• collect/analyze data (laboratory services)

• License and certify medical professionals

• Manage medicaid allotments

cdc

• main epidemiologic and assessment agency

• Collects data on population 

• Releases weekly morbidity/mortality report

nih

• Biomedical research agency 

• Provides grant funding to research centers and universities

• Clinical center where researchers test experimental therapies