AP Psychology Unit 2B

priming

the activation of particular associations in memory

encoding specificity principle

specific cues will be most effective in recalling a certain memory

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current mood

serial position effect

tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially and the first items after a delay

interleaving

a retrieval practice strategy that involves mixing the study of different topics

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to remember information from one’s past

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old info

repression

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

reconsolidation

process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

misinformation effect

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

déjà vu

cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

retrieval cues

stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory

context-dependent memory

better recall of things when in the same environment as when you learned it

mood-congruent memory

tend to recall memories that match your mood

state-dependent memory

physical state at study and test time affects ability to remember

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

pattern showing that memory drops quickly soon after learning and then levels off over time

retrieval failure

inability to access a stored memory at a given moment

encoding failure

info never fully entered long-term memory, often due to shallow processing

proactive interference

old info makes it hard to remember new info

retroactive intereference

new info makes it harder to remember old info

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenom

feeling of knowing a word/name but temporarily being unable to say it

decay

the fading of stored information over time when it isn’t used or rehearsed

ego

part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and unconscious, and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity

repression

unconscious process that pushes anxiety-provoking memories out of awareness

misinformation effect

when misleading info introduced after an event distorts the original memory

Elizabeth Loftus

psychologist whose experiments reveal how memories can be changed by things we are told

source amnesia

inability to remember where, when, or how information was learned

constructive memory

idea that memories are rebuilt during recall

memory consilidation

short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories

imagination inflation

imagining an event can increase belief that it happened

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

Spearman’s idea that one overall mental ability underlies performance across many different tasks

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

fluid intelligence (Gf)

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

the accumulated knowledge, skills, and understanding that a person has acquired throughout their life

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory (CHC)

intelligence can be developed and enhanced over time through education and experiences

multiple intelligences

Gardner's theory: Intelligence is separated into 8 distinct types.

• Linguistic (writers, speakers)

• Logical-mathematical (scientists, engineers)

• Spatial (artists, architects)

• Musical (composers, singers)

• Bodily-kinesthetic (athletes, dancers)

• Interpersonal (therapists, teachers)

• Intrapersonal (self-awareness)

• Naturalistic (biologists, farmers)

howard gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

savant syndrome

condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill, such as in computation/drawing

grit