Exam #2

What are the two classifications of glandular epithelia?

Endocrine glands (which secrete hormones into blood) and exocrine glands (which secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces).

What distinguishes unicellular exocrine glands from multicellular ones?

Unicellular exocrine glands consist of single cells, like goblet cells that secrete mucus, while multicellular exocrine glands are made up of many cells and can be categorized by structure and mode of secretion.

Name the modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands.

Merocrine (exocytosis), Holocrine (whole cell disintegrates), Apocrine (apical portion pinches off).

What are the seven functions of the skin?

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, immunity, vitamin D synthesis, and blood reservoir.

What are the two types of skin, and where are they found?

Thick skin (found in palms and soles) and thin skin (found elsewhere on the body).

What is keratin and its function in the skin?

Keratin is a protein that protects against water loss and provides structural integrity.

Identify the three types of cutaneous glands.

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands.

What are the three types of burns and what layers do they affect?

1st degree (epidermis only), 2nd degree (epidermis and part of dermis), 3rd degree (destruction of both epidermis and dermis).

What does the ABCD rule stand for in melanoma identification?

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter.

List the seven functions of bones.

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage, and hormone production.

What are the main areas and structures of long bones?

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum.

Define ossification.

The process of bone formation.

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

1. Cartilage model formation 2. Growth of cartilage model 3. Primary ossification center formation 4. Medullary cavity formation 5. Secondary ossification centers.

What bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

Long bones, such as the femur and humerus.

What is Wolf’s Law?

The principle that bone adapts to the load under which it is placed.

Describe the types of bone cells and their functions.

Osteoblasts (bone formation), Osteocytes (bone maintenance), Osteoclasts (bone resorption), Osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells for bone), and bone-lining cells (regulate calcium).

What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, pelvis).

What does articulation refer to?

A joint where two bones meet, enabling movement.

What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull?

Fontanelles allow for growth, which eventually leads to the closure that forms adult sutures.