PSMA (INORGANIC CHEM) PT. 2

Pnictogens/Nitrogen family

Group V-A

• N - Nitrogen

• P - Phosphorus

• As - Arsenic

• Sb - Antimony

• Bi - Bismuth

• Uup - Ununpentium

Group V-A consists of what elements?

Nitrogen

• “Azote” without life

• “Mephitic air”

• 3 bonds form

• occurs free in atmosphere

• component of plant and animal tissues

• use by plants-nitrogen fixation

• black cylinder

Nitrogen gas

• Replace air in container for parenteral solution

• triple bond-responsible for inertness

Liquid nitrogen

• refrigerant

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

• “Laughing gas”

• General anesthetic (Inhalational)

• not used alone - causes diffusion (HYPOXIA)

• blue cylinder

Nitrogen trioxide N₂O₃

• Gas (Brown color or pale blue liquid)

Nitrogen dioxide NO₂

• brown gas

Phosphorus

• “St. Elmo’s Fire”

• Light carrier (match)

White/yellow

• the color of a poisonous phosphorus

Red

• the color of a non-poisonous phosphorus

• used in preparation of matches

White phosphorus

• this P₄ tetrahedron is also present in liquid and gaseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 C when it starts decomposing to P₂ molecules

Scarlet phosphorus

• made by heating PBr₃ with Hg at 240C

Violet phosphorus

• heating P with small quantity of Na at 200C

Metallic or black phosphorus

• Heating P with Pb at 530C

• HCO₃, H₂CO₃

• HPO₄^-2, H₃PO₄

• Hgb and CHON

what are the components of physiologic buffer?

HCO₃, H₂CO₃

• plasma and kidneys

HPO₄^-2, H₃PO₄

• cells and kidneys

Hgb and CHON

• RBC

• most effective single system for buffering H₂CO₃ during metabolic process

Arsenic

• As⁺³

• As⁺⁵

• Toxic, protoplasmic poison

• Lewisite metal

• anti-syphilis discovered by Paul Erlich

• component of Salvarsan, Arsphenamine, Compound 606

• Anti-leukemia

• preparation of various insecticide

Gutzeit Test

• when arsenic is present, a light brown spot is generated in the filter paper moistened with silver nitrate solution

Arsenopyrite

• (Iron arsenic sulfide) FeAsS

Copper aceto arsenate

• paris green

K arsenite

• fowler’s solution

Donovan’s solution

• Red solution containing Asl₃ or Hgl₂

• Arsenopyrite

• Cu aceto arsenate

• K arsenite

• Donovan’s solution

Sources of arsenic

Arsenic

• cause pale nail bonds on finger nails

• bind with sulfhydryl group

  • cystein-rich in sulfhydryl

  • curly hair-increase in cystein

BAL (British anti-lewisite)

Antidote for arsenic

Arsenic trioxide

• “white arsenic”

• tonic, anti-leukemic

• ingredient in paris green, fowler’s and donovan’s solution

• 1 standard for CeSO₄

• Senarmontite (Antimony trioxide)

• Valentinite (Antimony oxide)

• Cervantite (Antimony tetroxide)

Sources of antimony

• Antimony glance (Stibnite)

Principle source of antimony

Antimony

• orange red sulfide

• expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic

Antimony potassium tartrate

• “tartar emetic”

• component of brown mixture

• emetic

• expectorant

• treatment of schistosomiasis

Babbit metal

• alloy of antimony

• 80% tin and 20% antimony

Bismuth

• “beautiful meadow”

• use in silvering of mirror

• protoplasmic poison

• astringent

• antiseptic

• internal protective

• blue black lining of gums

• black stools

BAL (British anti-lewisite)

Antidote for bismuth

Bismuth subcarbonate

• antacid, antiseptic, astringent

• 60 grams render alimentary canal opaque to x-ray

Bismuth subgallate

• active ingredient in Devrom, an over-the-counter FDA-approved medicine commonly used to treat malodor by deodorizing flatulence and stool

Bismuth subnitrate

• “white bismuth”

• incompatible with tragacanth (remedy: add NaHPO4)

• used in the treatment of ulcer and inflammation of the GIT

Milk of bismuth

• “Bismuth cream”

• Bi(OH)₃ + Bismuth subcarbonate

• for H. pylori

• internal protective for gastric ulcer

Tantalum family

Group V-B

• Tantalum

• Vanadium

• Niobium

Group V-B (Tantalum family) consist of what elements?

Tantalum

• unaffected by bloody fluid

• use in sheet form for surgical repair of bones, nerves, tissues

• corrosion resistant

Vanadium

• it is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal

Niobium

• it is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite

Chalcogens

Group VI-A

• O - oxygen

• S - sulphur

• Se - Selenium

• Te - Tellurium

• Po - Polonium

• Lv - Livermorium

group VI-A consist of what elements?

Oxygen

• “Dephlogisticated air” (Priestly)

• “Empyreal air” (Scheele)

• most abundant element in the earth’s crust

• non metallic element

• 2nd most electronegative

• essential of all elements

• responsible for the oxidative changes in paints, fats, fixed oils

• green cylinder

• treatment of hypoxia

• Nascent O (O)

• Atmosphere or gaseous (O₂)

• Ozone (O₃) bluish irritant gas

What are the 3 allotropes of oxygen

Anoxic

• inadequate O₂ tension in air

Anemic

• decrease hemoglobin

Histotoxic

• tissue or cell oxidation

Stagnant

• blood circulation is retarded

Sulfur

• “brimstone”

• “burning stone”

• shulbari enemy of copper

• FeS - Iron pyrite

• PbS - Galena

• HgS - Cinnabar

• ZnS - Zinc blend

• CaSO₄ × 2H₂O - Gypsum

sources of sulfur

Rhombic

• rock sulfur, roll sulfur, flower of S

Monoclinic

• needle like crystal

Mobile

• straw-colored liquid

Viscous

• thick and sticky like molasses

Plastic or amorphous

• rubbery, plastic mass

Sulfur vapor

• form when sulfur is heated above 1000 degrees celcius

• precipitated sulfur

• sublimed sulfur

2 forms of sulfur

Precipitated sulfur

• milk of sulfur, fine, component of cream, ointment

Sublimed sulfur

• flower of sulfur, azufre, coarse, cathartic

Sulfur

• preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointments & lotions

• stimulant cathartic

• stimulant in alopecia

• fumigant (SO₂)

• Depilatory (sulfides)

• Keratolytic (SrS)

• Antiseborrheic (CdS)

Sulfuric acid

• “oil of vitriol”

• sulfonating agent

• dehydrating agent

Sodium thiosulfate

• use in photography

• for ringworm

• antidote for cyanide and iodine poisoning

Hydrogen sulfide

• aitch-tu-es-gas

• reducing agent, precipitating agent of metal ions

• rotten egg odor

Sulfur ointment

• precipitated sulfur

• liquid petrolatum

• white ointment

• scabicide

• parasiticide

Selenium

• “moon”

• trace element

• anti-oxidant

• synergistic with vitamin E

• too toxic when taken internally

• use in the manufacture of photocopying machine

• catalyst in nitrogen determination

Selenium sulfide

• active constituent of selsun blue

• antiseborrheic

Chromium subgroup

Group VI-B

Green

Cr⁺²

blue

Cr⁺³

yellow

CrO₄^-2

orange

Cr₂O₇^-2

chrome iron ore

source of chromium

Chromium

• trace element

• glucose tolerance factor

• increases insulin sensitivity

• found in brown sugar and butter

• salts are destructive to tissues

• mimics diabetes mellitus

Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)

• powerful oxidizing agent

Molybdenum

• essential trace element

• cofactor of enzyme that are flavin dependent

• use in nitrogen fixation involve in bacterial fixing of atmospheric nitrogen

Mol-Iron

MoO + FeSO₄

Uranium

• radioactive element

• discovered by Becquerel

• manufacture of atomic bombs

Tungsten

• comes from the original name of the element, Wolfram

Halogens

Group VII-A

• F - Fluorine

• Cl - Chlorine

• Br - Bromine

• I - Iodine

• At - Astatine

• Uus - Ununseptium

Group VII-A consist of what elements?

Berzelius

sea salt producers

Beilstein test

test for the presence of halogens

Fluorine

• most electronegative element

• powerful oxidizing agent

• pale yellow gas

• Fluorospar

• apatite

• cryolite

Natural sources of fluorine

Fluorosis

• mottled enamel and abnormal bone growth

Sodium fluoride NaF

• 2% in 4 application

Tin fluoride SnF₂

• 8% freshly preparation

• sodium monofluoro phosphate

Chlorodifluoromethane

• freon, refrigerant, propellant

Chlorine

• greenish yellow gas

• dephlogisticated muriatic acid

• most predominant anion outside (responsible for maintenance of osmotic pressure and anion-cation balance)

• H₂O disinfectant

Bromine

• reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor

• sedative, antidepressant

Brominism

• characterized by skin eruption

• psychosis

• weakness

• headache

NaCl (sodium chloride) or NH₄Cl (ammonium chloride)

antidote for Brominism

Koppeschaar’s solution

• 0.1N bromine solution

• sedative

Iodine

• grayish black solid, violet colored vapor

• synthesis of thyroid hormones

• elemental iodine is toxic

• expectorant

• antiseptic

• antimicrobial

Blue

iodine + starch = (color?)